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Related feature story: www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasa-sees-watershed-cosmic-blast-in-unique-detail/.

Audio of Sylvia Zhu interview for a Science Podcast.

Briefing Speakers


Introduction: Paul Hertz, NASA Astrophysics Division Director, NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C.

Charles Dermer, astrophysicist, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.

Thomas Vestrand, astrophysicist, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, N.M.

Chryssa Kouveliotou, astrophysicist, NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.

Presenter 1: Charles Dermer






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Artist's rendering.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center", "width": 3840, "height": 2160, "pixels": 8294400 } }, { "id": 306485, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460915, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/GRB_Jet_Shell_Animation_ipod_sm.mp4", "filename": "GRB_Jet_Shell_Animation_ipod_sm.mp4", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "Theorists believe that GRB jets produce gamma rays by two processes involving shock waves. Shells of material within the jet move at different speeds and collide, generating internal shock waves that result in low-energy (million electron volt, or MeV) gamma rays. As the leading edge of the jet interacts with its environment, it generates an external shock wave that results in the production of high-energy (billion electron volt, or GeV) gamma rays. Artist's rendering.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center", "width": 320, "height": 240, "pixels": 76800 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 345148, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11407/#media_group_345148", "widget": "Basic text with HTML", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "

", "items": [], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 345149, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11407/#media_group_345149", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "This illustration shows the ingredients of the most common type of gamma-ray burst. The core of a massive star (left) has collapsed, forming a black hole that sends a jet moving through the collapsing star and out into space at near the speed of light. Radiation across the spectrum arises from hot ionized gas (plasma) in the vicinity of the newborn black hole, collisions among shells of fast-moving gas within the jet (internal shock waves), and from the leading edge of the jet as it sweeps up and interacts with its surroundings (external shock).

Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center ", "items": [ { "id": 306494, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460901, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/GRB_Shell_Final_1080.jpg", "filename": "GRB_Shell_Final_1080.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This illustration shows the ingredients of the most common type of gamma-ray burst. The core of a massive star (left) has collapsed, forming a black hole that sends a jet moving through the collapsing star and out into space at near the speed of light. 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Radiation across the spectrum arises from hot ionized gas (plasma) in the vicinity of the newborn black hole, collisions among shells of fast-moving gas within the jet (internal shock waves), and from the leading edge of the jet as it sweeps up and interacts with its surroundings (external shock).Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center ", "width": 1280, "height": 720, "pixels": 921600 } }, { "id": 306492, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460902, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/GRB_Shell_Final.jpg", "filename": "GRB_Shell_Final.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This illustration shows the ingredients of the most common type of gamma-ray burst. The core of a massive star (left) has collapsed, forming a black hole that sends a jet moving through the collapsing star and out into space at near the speed of light. 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Radiation across the spectrum arises from hot ionized gas (plasma) in the vicinity of the newborn black hole, collisions among shells of fast-moving gas within the jet (internal shock waves), and from the leading edge of the jet as it sweeps up and interacts with its surroundings (external shock).Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center ", "width": 320, "height": 180, "pixels": 57600 } }, { "id": 306493, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460906, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/GRB_Shell_Final_1080.tif", "filename": "GRB_Shell_Final_1080.tif", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This illustration shows the ingredients of the most common type of gamma-ray burst. The core of a massive star (left) has collapsed, forming a black hole that sends a jet moving through the collapsing star and out into space at near the speed of light. Radiation across the spectrum arises from hot ionized gas (plasma) in the vicinity of the newborn black hole, collisions among shells of fast-moving gas within the jet (internal shock waves), and from the leading edge of the jet as it sweeps up and interacts with its surroundings (external shock).Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center ", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 306491, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460905, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/GRB_Shell_Final.tif", "filename": "GRB_Shell_Final.tif", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This illustration shows the ingredients of the most common type of gamma-ray burst. The core of a massive star (left) has collapsed, forming a black hole that sends a jet moving through the collapsing star and out into space at near the speed of light. 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Presenter 2: Thomas Vestrand
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Credit: T. Vestrand, LANL", "items": [ { "id": 306498, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460923, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/Raptor_T_nice_color_GRB_half.jpg", "filename": "Raptor_T_nice_color_GRB_half.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "RAPTOR-T is one of several robotic observatories making up the the Rapid Telescopes for Optical Response (RAPTOR) project operated by Los Alamos National Laboratory. The instrument consists of four co-aligned 0.4-meter telescopes, each with a different color filter (the \"T\" stands for technicolor). RAPTOR-T is designed to detect color changes in the optical flash accompanying a gamma-ray burst, which can yield information on the explosion's dynamics, environment and distance.Credit: T. Vestrand, LANL", "width": 1440, "height": 960, "pixels": 1382400 } }, { "id": 306497, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460921, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/Raptor_T_nice_color_GRB.jpg", "filename": "Raptor_T_nice_color_GRB.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "RAPTOR-T is one of several robotic observatories making up the the Rapid Telescopes for Optical Response (RAPTOR) project operated by Los Alamos National Laboratory. The instrument consists of four co-aligned 0.4-meter telescopes, each with a different color filter (the \"T\" stands for technicolor). RAPTOR-T is designed to detect color changes in the optical flash accompanying a gamma-ray burst, which can yield information on the explosion's dynamics, environment and distance.Credit: T. Vestrand, LANL", "width": 2880, "height": 1920, "pixels": 5529600 } }, { "id": 306499, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460922, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/Raptor_T_nice_color_GRB_web.png", "filename": "Raptor_T_nice_color_GRB_web.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "RAPTOR-T is one of several robotic observatories making up the the Rapid Telescopes for Optical Response (RAPTOR) project operated by Los Alamos National Laboratory. The instrument consists of four co-aligned 0.4-meter telescopes, each with a different color filter (the \"T\" stands for technicolor). RAPTOR-T is designed to detect color changes in the optical flash accompanying a gamma-ray burst, which can yield information on the explosion's dynamics, environment and distance.Credit: T. Vestrand, LANL", "width": 320, "height": 213, "pixels": 68160 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 345152, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11407/#media_group_345152", "widget": "Basic text with HTML", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "

", "items": [], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 345153, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11407/#media_group_345153", "widget": "Video player", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "This movie shows GRB 130427A as viewed by the RAPTOR telescopes located near Los Alamos, N.M, and on Mount Haleakala on the island of Maui, Hawaii. The movie opens with wide-field images acquired by a RAPTOR All-Sky Monitor, one of the three identical systems to first detect the burst's optical flash. The movie then switches to observations from RAPTOR-T, which autonomously turned toward the burst after receiving an alert from NASA's Swift. The telescope imaged the burst for 2 hours and captured simultaneous images in four different colors.

Credit: T. Vestrand, LANL", "items": [ { "id": 306511, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460924, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/zframe_0286.jpg", "filename": "zframe_0286.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This movie shows GRB 130427A as viewed by the RAPTOR telescopes located near Los Alamos, N.M, and on Mount Haleakala on the island of Maui, Hawaii. The movie opens with wide-field images acquired by a RAPTOR All-Sky Monitor, one of the three identical systems to first detect the burst's optical flash. The movie then switches to observations from RAPTOR-T, which autonomously turned toward the burst after receiving an alert from NASA's Swift. The telescope imaged the burst for 2 hours and captured simultaneous images in four different colors.Credit: T. Vestrand, LANL", "width": 600, "height": 600, "pixels": 360000 } }, { "id": 306512, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460926, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/zframe_0286_web.jpg", "filename": "zframe_0286_web.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This movie shows GRB 130427A as viewed by the RAPTOR telescopes located near Los Alamos, N.M, and on Mount Haleakala on the island of Maui, Hawaii. The movie opens with wide-field images acquired by a RAPTOR All-Sky Monitor, one of the three identical systems to first detect the burst's optical flash. The movie then switches to observations from RAPTOR-T, which autonomously turned toward the burst after receiving an alert from NASA's Swift. The telescope imaged the burst for 2 hours and captured simultaneous images in four different colors.Credit: T. Vestrand, LANL", "width": 320, "height": 320, "pixels": 102400 } }, { "id": 306500, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460927, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/Raptor_Movie_Adjust_Scale_ProRes_1280x720_29.97.mov", "filename": "Raptor_Movie_Adjust_Scale_ProRes_1280x720_29.97.mov", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "This movie shows GRB 130427A as viewed by the RAPTOR telescopes located near Los Alamos, N.M, and on Mount Haleakala on the island of Maui, Hawaii. The movie opens with wide-field images acquired by a RAPTOR All-Sky Monitor, one of the three identical systems to first detect the burst's optical flash. The movie then switches to observations from RAPTOR-T, which autonomously turned toward the burst after receiving an alert from NASA's Swift. The telescope imaged the burst for 2 hours and captured simultaneous images in four different colors.Credit: T. 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Vestrand, LANL", "width": 1280, "height": 720, "pixels": 921600 } }, { "id": 306502, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460931, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/Raptor_Movie_Adjust_Scale_H264_Good_1280x720_29.97.mov", "filename": "Raptor_Movie_Adjust_Scale_H264_Good_1280x720_29.97.mov", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "This movie shows GRB 130427A as viewed by the RAPTOR telescopes located near Los Alamos, N.M, and on Mount Haleakala on the island of Maui, Hawaii. The movie opens with wide-field images acquired by a RAPTOR All-Sky Monitor, one of the three identical systems to first detect the burst's optical flash. The movie then switches to observations from RAPTOR-T, which autonomously turned toward the burst after receiving an alert from NASA's Swift. The telescope imaged the burst for 2 hours and captured simultaneous images in four different colors.Credit: T. 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Vestrand, LANL", "width": 1280, "height": 720, "pixels": 921600 } }, { "id": 306504, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460932, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/Raptor_GRB_Movie_Adjust_Scale_youtube_hq.mov", "filename": "Raptor_GRB_Movie_Adjust_Scale_youtube_hq.mov", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "This movie shows GRB 130427A as viewed by the RAPTOR telescopes located near Los Alamos, N.M, and on Mount Haleakala on the island of Maui, Hawaii. The movie opens with wide-field images acquired by a RAPTOR All-Sky Monitor, one of the three identical systems to first detect the burst's optical flash. The movie then switches to observations from RAPTOR-T, which autonomously turned toward the burst after receiving an alert from NASA's Swift. The telescope imaged the burst for 2 hours and captured simultaneous images in four different colors.Credit: T. Vestrand, LANL", "width": 1280, "height": 720, "pixels": 921600 } }, { "id": 306505, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460934, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/Raptor_GRB_Movie_Adjust_Scale_1280x720.wmv", "filename": "Raptor_GRB_Movie_Adjust_Scale_1280x720.wmv", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "This movie shows GRB 130427A as viewed by the RAPTOR telescopes located near Los Alamos, N.M, and on Mount Haleakala on the island of Maui, Hawaii. The movie opens with wide-field images acquired by a RAPTOR All-Sky Monitor, one of the three identical systems to first detect the burst's optical flash. The movie then switches to observations from RAPTOR-T, which autonomously turned toward the burst after receiving an alert from NASA's Swift. The telescope imaged the burst for 2 hours and captured simultaneous images in four different colors.Credit: T. Vestrand, LANL", "width": 1280, "height": 720, "pixels": 921600 } }, { "id": 306506, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460933, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/Raptor_GRB_Movie_Adjust_Scale_appletv.m4v", "filename": "Raptor_GRB_Movie_Adjust_Scale_appletv.m4v", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "This movie shows GRB 130427A as viewed by the RAPTOR telescopes located near Los Alamos, N.M, and on Mount Haleakala on the island of Maui, Hawaii. The movie opens with wide-field images acquired by a RAPTOR All-Sky Monitor, one of the three identical systems to first detect the burst's optical flash. The movie then switches to observations from RAPTOR-T, which autonomously turned toward the burst after receiving an alert from NASA's Swift. The telescope imaged the burst for 2 hours and captured simultaneous images in four different colors.Credit: T. Vestrand, LANL", "width": 960, "height": 540, "pixels": 518400 } }, { "id": 306507, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460928, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/Raptor_Movie_Adjust_Scale_H264_960x540.mov", "filename": "Raptor_Movie_Adjust_Scale_H264_960x540.mov", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "This movie shows GRB 130427A as viewed by the RAPTOR telescopes located near Los Alamos, N.M, and on Mount Haleakala on the island of Maui, Hawaii. The movie opens with wide-field images acquired by a RAPTOR All-Sky Monitor, one of the three identical systems to first detect the burst's optical flash. The movie then switches to observations from RAPTOR-T, which autonomously turned toward the burst after receiving an alert from NASA's Swift. The telescope imaged the burst for 2 hours and captured simultaneous images in four different colors.Credit: T. Vestrand, LANL", "width": 960, "height": 540, "pixels": 518400 } }, { "id": 306510, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460925, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/frames/600x600_1x1_30p/", "filename": "600x600_1x1_30p", "media_type": "Frames", "alt_text": "This movie shows GRB 130427A as viewed by the RAPTOR telescopes located near Los Alamos, N.M, and on Mount Haleakala on the island of Maui, Hawaii. The movie opens with wide-field images acquired by a RAPTOR All-Sky Monitor, one of the three identical systems to first detect the burst's optical flash. The movie then switches to observations from RAPTOR-T, which autonomously turned toward the burst after receiving an alert from NASA's Swift. The telescope imaged the burst for 2 hours and captured simultaneous images in four different colors.Credit: T. Vestrand, LANL", "width": 600, "height": 600, "pixels": 360000 } }, { "id": 306513, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460937, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/Raptor_Movie_Adjust_Scale_H264_960x540.webmhd.webm", "filename": "Raptor_Movie_Adjust_Scale_H264_960x540.webmhd.webm", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "This movie shows GRB 130427A as viewed by the RAPTOR telescopes located near Los Alamos, N.M, and on Mount Haleakala on the island of Maui, Hawaii. The movie opens with wide-field images acquired by a RAPTOR All-Sky Monitor, one of the three identical systems to first detect the burst's optical flash. The movie then switches to observations from RAPTOR-T, which autonomously turned toward the burst after receiving an alert from NASA's Swift. The telescope imaged the burst for 2 hours and captured simultaneous images in four different colors.Credit: T. Vestrand, LANL", "width": 960, "height": 540, "pixels": 518400 } }, { "id": 306508, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460936, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/Raptor_GRB_Movie_Adjust_Scale_ipod_lg.m4v", "filename": "Raptor_GRB_Movie_Adjust_Scale_ipod_lg.m4v", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "This movie shows GRB 130427A as viewed by the RAPTOR telescopes located near Los Alamos, N.M, and on Mount Haleakala on the island of Maui, Hawaii. The movie opens with wide-field images acquired by a RAPTOR All-Sky Monitor, one of the three identical systems to first detect the burst's optical flash. The movie then switches to observations from RAPTOR-T, which autonomously turned toward the burst after receiving an alert from NASA's Swift. The telescope imaged the burst for 2 hours and captured simultaneous images in four different colors.Credit: T. Vestrand, LANL", "width": 640, "height": 360, "pixels": 230400 } }, { "id": 306509, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460935, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/Raptor_GRB_Movie_Adjust_Scale_ipod_sm.mp4", "filename": "Raptor_GRB_Movie_Adjust_Scale_ipod_sm.mp4", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "This movie shows GRB 130427A as viewed by the RAPTOR telescopes located near Los Alamos, N.M, and on Mount Haleakala on the island of Maui, Hawaii. The movie opens with wide-field images acquired by a RAPTOR All-Sky Monitor, one of the three identical systems to first detect the burst's optical flash. The movie then switches to observations from RAPTOR-T, which autonomously turned toward the burst after receiving an alert from NASA's Swift. The telescope imaged the burst for 2 hours and captured simultaneous images in four different colors.Credit: T. Vestrand, LANL", "width": 320, "height": 240, "pixels": 76800 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 345154, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11407/#media_group_345154", "widget": "Basic text with HTML", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "

Presenter 3: Chryssa Kouveliotou
", "items": [], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 345155, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11407/#media_group_345155", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Better known as NuSTAR, the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array is the first orbiting observatory able to focus high-energy X-rays. The instrument consists of two co-aligned grazing incidence telescopes with advanced optics and detectors that extend its sensitivity to higher energies (3,000 to 79,000 electron volts) than previous X-ray missions.

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech", "items": [ { "id": 306515, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460940, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/NuSTARR-Beauty_halfsize.jpg", "filename": "NuSTARR-Beauty_halfsize.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Better known as NuSTAR, the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array is the first orbiting observatory able to focus high-energy X-rays. The instrument consists of two co-aligned grazing incidence telescopes with advanced optics and detectors that extend its sensitivity to higher energies (3,000 to 79,000 electron volts) than previous X-ray missions.Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech", "width": 1479, "height": 834, "pixels": 1233486 } }, { "id": 306514, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460938, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/NuSTARR-Beauty.jpg", "filename": "NuSTARR-Beauty.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Better known as NuSTAR, the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array is the first orbiting observatory able to focus high-energy X-rays. The instrument consists of two co-aligned grazing incidence telescopes with advanced optics and detectors that extend its sensitivity to higher energies (3,000 to 79,000 electron volts) than previous X-ray missions.Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech", "width": 2958, "height": 1668, "pixels": 4933944 } }, { "id": 306516, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460939, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/NuSTARR-Beauty_web.png", "filename": "NuSTARR-Beauty_web.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Better known as NuSTAR, the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array is the first orbiting observatory able to focus high-energy X-rays. The instrument consists of two co-aligned grazing incidence telescopes with advanced optics and detectors that extend its sensitivity to higher energies (3,000 to 79,000 electron volts) than previous X-ray missions.Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech", "width": 320, "height": 180, "pixels": 57600 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 345156, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11407/#media_group_345156", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Instruments aboard three NASA missions and the ground-based RAPTOR telescope provide the most detailed multi-energy look at changing emissions of GRB 130427A. The early pulse of gamma rays detected by Fermi's GBM exhibits behaviors confounding all models that explain the emission based on colliding shells. Visible light measured by RAPTOR closely tracks the high-energy gamma rays detected by Fermi LAT, an unexpected relationship. Data from Swift's BAT, XRT and UVOT instruments, in concert with measurements from ground telescopes, capture the evolution of the GRB over weeks and show that it shares properties with much more distant bursts. Observations by NuSTAR and Fermi LAT challenge a 12-year-old prediction of how the emission components in a GRB spectrum should change with time. The ground-based measurements shown here come from the Faulkes Telescope North, located at Haleakala Observatory in Hawaii, the Liverpool Telescope on the island of La Palma, Spain, and the MITSuME Telescopes in Japan. For clarity, this chart omits error bars for all measurements.

Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center ", "items": [ { "id": 306518, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460943, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/GRB130427A_multi_energy_plot_med_labeled.jpg", "filename": "GRB130427A_multi_energy_plot_med_labeled.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Instruments aboard three NASA missions and the ground-based RAPTOR telescope provide the most detailed multi-energy look at changing emissions of GRB 130427A. The early pulse of gamma rays detected by Fermi's GBM exhibits behaviors confounding all models that explain the emission based on colliding shells. Visible light measured by RAPTOR closely tracks the high-energy gamma rays detected by Fermi LAT, an unexpected relationship. Data from Swift's BAT, XRT and UVOT instruments, in concert with measurements from ground telescopes, capture the evolution of the GRB over weeks and show that it shares properties with much more distant bursts. Observations by NuSTAR and Fermi LAT challenge a 12-year-old prediction of how the emission components in a GRB spectrum should change with time. The ground-based measurements shown here come from the Faulkes Telescope North, located at Haleakala Observatory in Hawaii, the Liverpool Telescope on the island of La Palma, Spain, and the MITSuME Telescopes in Japan. For clarity, this chart omits error bars for all measurements.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center ", "width": 1398, "height": 1899, "pixels": 2654802 } }, { "id": 306519, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460942, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/GRB130427A_multi_energy_plot_small_labeled.jpg", "filename": "GRB130427A_multi_energy_plot_small_labeled.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Instruments aboard three NASA missions and the ground-based RAPTOR telescope provide the most detailed multi-energy look at changing emissions of GRB 130427A. The early pulse of gamma rays detected by Fermi's GBM exhibits behaviors confounding all models that explain the emission based on colliding shells. Visible light measured by RAPTOR closely tracks the high-energy gamma rays detected by Fermi LAT, an unexpected relationship. Data from Swift's BAT, XRT and UVOT instruments, in concert with measurements from ground telescopes, capture the evolution of the GRB over weeks and show that it shares properties with much more distant bursts. Observations by NuSTAR and Fermi LAT challenge a 12-year-old prediction of how the emission components in a GRB spectrum should change with time. The ground-based measurements shown here come from the Faulkes Telescope North, located at Haleakala Observatory in Hawaii, the Liverpool Telescope on the island of La Palma, Spain, and the MITSuME Telescopes in Japan. For clarity, this chart omits error bars for all measurements.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center ", "width": 530, "height": 720, "pixels": 381600 } }, { "id": 306517, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460944, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/GRB130427A_multi_energy_plot_large_labeled.jpg", "filename": "GRB130427A_multi_energy_plot_large_labeled.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Instruments aboard three NASA missions and the ground-based RAPTOR telescope provide the most detailed multi-energy look at changing emissions of GRB 130427A. The early pulse of gamma rays detected by Fermi's GBM exhibits behaviors confounding all models that explain the emission based on colliding shells. Visible light measured by RAPTOR closely tracks the high-energy gamma rays detected by Fermi LAT, an unexpected relationship. Data from Swift's BAT, XRT and UVOT instruments, in concert with measurements from ground telescopes, capture the evolution of the GRB over weeks and show that it shares properties with much more distant bursts. Observations by NuSTAR and Fermi LAT challenge a 12-year-old prediction of how the emission components in a GRB spectrum should change with time. The ground-based measurements shown here come from the Faulkes Telescope North, located at Haleakala Observatory in Hawaii, the Liverpool Telescope on the island of La Palma, Spain, and the MITSuME Telescopes in Japan. For clarity, this chart omits error bars for all measurements.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center ", "width": 5591, "height": 7594, "pixels": 42458054 } }, { "id": 306520, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460941, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/GRB130427A_multi_energy_plot_small_labeled_web.png", "filename": "GRB130427A_multi_energy_plot_small_labeled_web.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Instruments aboard three NASA missions and the ground-based RAPTOR telescope provide the most detailed multi-energy look at changing emissions of GRB 130427A. The early pulse of gamma rays detected by Fermi's GBM exhibits behaviors confounding all models that explain the emission based on colliding shells. Visible light measured by RAPTOR closely tracks the high-energy gamma rays detected by Fermi LAT, an unexpected relationship. Data from Swift's BAT, XRT and UVOT instruments, in concert with measurements from ground telescopes, capture the evolution of the GRB over weeks and show that it shares properties with much more distant bursts. Observations by NuSTAR and Fermi LAT challenge a 12-year-old prediction of how the emission components in a GRB spectrum should change with time. The ground-based measurements shown here come from the Faulkes Telescope North, located at Haleakala Observatory in Hawaii, the Liverpool Telescope on the island of La Palma, Spain, and the MITSuME Telescopes in Japan. For clarity, this chart omits error bars for all measurements.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center ", "width": 320, "height": 434, "pixels": 138880 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 345157, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11407/#media_group_345157", "widget": "Basic text with HTML", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "

Additional Media
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Credit: Davide Lazzati (NCSU) and Brian Morsony (Univ. of Wisconsin) ", "items": [ { "id": 306524, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460946, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/3D_frame88.png", "filename": "3D_frame88.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This movie shows the jet associated with a gamma-ray burst as it emerges from a collapsing star and drives into space at nearly the speed of light. The frames are part of a high-resolution 3-D hydrodynamical simulation by Davide Lazzati at North Carolina State University and Brian Morsony at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, using the Pleiades supercomputer at NASA's Ames Research Center. The movie covers the first 8 seconds following the jet's emergence from the star.Credit: Davide Lazzati (NCSU) and Brian Morsony (Univ. of Wisconsin) ", "width": 4096, "height": 4096, "pixels": 16777216 } }, { "id": 306525, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460947, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/3D_frame88_web.png", "filename": "3D_frame88_web.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This movie shows the jet associated with a gamma-ray burst as it emerges from a collapsing star and drives into space at nearly the speed of light. The frames are part of a high-resolution 3-D hydrodynamical simulation by Davide Lazzati at North Carolina State University and Brian Morsony at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, using the Pleiades supercomputer at NASA's Ames Research Center. The movie covers the first 8 seconds following the jet's emergence from the star.Credit: Davide Lazzati (NCSU) and Brian Morsony (Univ. of Wisconsin) ", "width": 320, "height": 320, "pixels": 102400 } }, { "id": 306523, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460949, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/GRB_Jet_Simulation_Original_H264_Best_1080x1080.mov", "filename": "GRB_Jet_Simulation_Original_H264_Best_1080x1080.mov", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "This movie shows the jet associated with a gamma-ray burst as it emerges from a collapsing star and drives into space at nearly the speed of light. The frames are part of a high-resolution 3-D hydrodynamical simulation by Davide Lazzati at North Carolina State University and Brian Morsony at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, using the Pleiades supercomputer at NASA's Ames Research Center. 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Credit: NASA/Swift/S. Oates, UCL-MSSL ", "items": [ { "id": 306534, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460953, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/Swift_UVOT_Still.jpg", "filename": "Swift_UVOT_Still.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "NASA Swift's UVOT instrument captured the fading light of GRB 130427A using images acquired through its w1 and w2 filters, which correspond to energies of 4.7 and 6.1 electron volts, respectively. The movie begins about 6 minutes after the burst triggered Fermi's GBM instrument and lasts 10.3 days. Angular width of the movie is 100 arcseconds.Credit: NASA/Swift/S. Oates, UCL-MSSL ", "width": 960, "height": 720, "pixels": 691200 } }, { "id": 306535, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460952, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/Swift_UVOT_Still_web.png", "filename": "Swift_UVOT_Still_web.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "NASA Swift's UVOT instrument captured the fading light of GRB 130427A using images acquired through its w1 and w2 filters, which correspond to energies of 4.7 and 6.1 electron volts, respectively. The movie begins about 6 minutes after the burst triggered Fermi's GBM instrument and lasts 10.3 days. Angular width of the movie is 100 arcseconds.Credit: NASA/Swift/S. Oates, UCL-MSSL ", "width": 320, "height": 240, "pixels": 76800 } }, { "id": 306527, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460958, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/Swift_UVOT_Movie_ProRes_960x720_29.97.mov", "filename": "Swift_UVOT_Movie_ProRes_960x720_29.97.mov", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "NASA Swift's UVOT instrument captured the fading light of GRB 130427A using images acquired through its w1 and w2 filters, which correspond to energies of 4.7 and 6.1 electron volts, respectively. The movie begins about 6 minutes after the burst triggered Fermi's GBM instrument and lasts 10.3 days. Angular width of the movie is 100 arcseconds.Credit: NASA/Swift/S. Oates, UCL-MSSL ", "width": 960, "height": 720, "pixels": 691200 } }, { "id": 306528, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460956, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/Swift_UVOT_Movie_H264_Best_960x720_29.97.mov", "filename": "Swift_UVOT_Movie_H264_Best_960x720_29.97.mov", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "NASA Swift's UVOT instrument captured the fading light of GRB 130427A using images acquired through its w1 and w2 filters, which correspond to energies of 4.7 and 6.1 electron volts, respectively. The movie begins about 6 minutes after the burst triggered Fermi's GBM instrument and lasts 10.3 days. Angular width of the movie is 100 arcseconds.Credit: NASA/Swift/S. Oates, UCL-MSSL ", "width": 960, "height": 720, "pixels": 691200 } }, { "id": 306529, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460954, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/Swift_UVOT_Movie_H264_Good_960x720_29.97.mov", "filename": "Swift_UVOT_Movie_H264_Good_960x720_29.97.mov", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "NASA Swift's UVOT instrument captured the fading light of GRB 130427A using images acquired through its w1 and w2 filters, which correspond to energies of 4.7 and 6.1 electron volts, respectively. The movie begins about 6 minutes after the burst triggered Fermi's GBM instrument and lasts 10.3 days. Angular width of the movie is 100 arcseconds.Credit: NASA/Swift/S. Oates, UCL-MSSL ", "width": 960, "height": 720, "pixels": 691200 } }, { "id": 306530, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460955, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/Swift_UVOT_Movie_MPEG4_960x720_29.97.mp4", "filename": "Swift_UVOT_Movie_MPEG4_960x720_29.97.mp4", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "NASA Swift's UVOT instrument captured the fading light of GRB 130427A using images acquired through its w1 and w2 filters, which correspond to energies of 4.7 and 6.1 electron volts, respectively. The movie begins about 6 minutes after the burst triggered Fermi's GBM instrument and lasts 10.3 days. Angular width of the movie is 100 arcseconds.Credit: NASA/Swift/S. Oates, UCL-MSSL ", "width": 960, "height": 720, "pixels": 691200 } }, { "id": 306531, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460957, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/Swift_UVOT_Movie_H264_960x720.mov", "filename": "Swift_UVOT_Movie_H264_960x720.mov", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "NASA Swift's UVOT instrument captured the fading light of GRB 130427A using images acquired through its w1 and w2 filters, which correspond to energies of 4.7 and 6.1 electron volts, respectively. The movie begins about 6 minutes after the burst triggered Fermi's GBM instrument and lasts 10.3 days. Angular width of the movie is 100 arcseconds.Credit: NASA/Swift/S. Oates, UCL-MSSL ", "width": 1280, "height": 720, "pixels": 921600 } }, { "id": 306533, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460951, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/GRB130427A_2fs.mov", "filename": "GRB130427A_2fs.mov", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "NASA Swift's UVOT instrument captured the fading light of GRB 130427A using images acquired through its w1 and w2 filters, which correspond to energies of 4.7 and 6.1 electron volts, respectively. The movie begins about 6 minutes after the burst triggered Fermi's GBM instrument and lasts 10.3 days. Angular width of the movie is 100 arcseconds.Credit: NASA/Swift/S. Oates, UCL-MSSL ", "width": 850, "height": 680, "pixels": 578000 } }, { "id": 306536, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460960, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/GRB130427A_2fs.webmhd.webm", "filename": "GRB130427A_2fs.webmhd.webm", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "NASA Swift's UVOT instrument captured the fading light of GRB 130427A using images acquired through its w1 and w2 filters, which correspond to energies of 4.7 and 6.1 electron volts, respectively. The movie begins about 6 minutes after the burst triggered Fermi's GBM instrument and lasts 10.3 days. Angular width of the movie is 100 arcseconds.Credit: NASA/Swift/S. Oates, UCL-MSSL ", "width": 960, "height": 540, "pixels": 518400 } }, { "id": 306532, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 460959, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011407/Swift_GRB_UVOT_Movie_ipod_sm.mp4", "filename": "Swift_GRB_UVOT_Movie_ipod_sm.mp4", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "NASA Swift's UVOT instrument captured the fading light of GRB 130427A using images acquired through its w1 and w2 filters, which correspond to energies of 4.7 and 6.1 electron volts, respectively. The movie begins about 6 minutes after the burst triggered Fermi's GBM instrument and lasts 10.3 days. Angular width of the movie is 100 arcseconds.Credit: NASA/Swift/S. Oates, UCL-MSSL ", "width": 320, "height": 240, "pixels": 76800 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 345161, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11407/#media_group_345161", "widget": "Basic text with HTML", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "", "items": [], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 345162, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11407/#media_group_345162", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "This image illustrates the ingredients of the most common type of gamma-ray burst. The core of a massive star (left) has collapsed, forming a black hole that sends a jet moving through the collapsing star and out into space at near the speed of light. Radiation across the spectrum arises from hot ionized gas (plasma) in the vicinity of the newborn black hole, collisions among shells of fast-moving gas within the jet (internal shock waves), and from the leading edge of the jet as it sweeps up and interacts with its surroundings (external shock).

Unlabeled

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This animation flips between images taken on Nov. 8 and Dec. 4, 2022, one and two months after the eruption. Given its brightness, the burst’s afterglow may remain detectable by telescopes for several years. Each picture combines three near-infrared images taken at wavelengths from 1 to 1.5 microns and is 34 arcseconds across. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, A. Levan (Radboud University); Image Processing: Gladys Kober || GRB_WFC3IR1108+1204_circled.gif (512x512) [3.5 MB] || ", "release_date": "2023-03-28T13:50:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T11:43:38.257753-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 842157, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014300/a014317/GRB_all_rings_XMM_2160_searchweb.png", "filename": "GRB_all_rings_XMM_2160_searchweb.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "XMM-Newton images recorded 20 dust rings, 19 of which are shown here in arbitrary colors. This composite merges observations made two and five days after GRB 221009A erupted. Dark stripes indicate gaps between the detectors. A detailed analysis shows that the widest ring visible here, comparable to the apparent size of a full moon, came from dust clouds located about 1,300 light-years away. The innermost ring arose from dust at a distance of 61,000 light-years on the other side of our galaxy. GRB221009A is only the seventh gamma-ray burst to display X-ray rings, and it triples the number previously seen around one.Credit: ESA/XMM-Newton/M. Rigoselli (INAF)", "width": 320, "height": 180, "pixels": 57600 } }, { "id": 13220, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13220/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Ten Years of High-Energy Gamma-ray Bursts", "description": "Green dots show the locations of 186 gamma-ray bursts observed by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on NASA’s Fermi satellite during its first decade. Some noteworthy bursts are highlighted and labeled. Background: Constructed from nine years of LAT data, this map shows how the gamma-ray sky appears at energies above 10 billion electron volts. The plane of our Milky Way galaxy runs along the middle of the plot. Brighter colors indicate brighter gamma-ray sources.Credit: NASA/DOE/Fermi LAT Collaboration || Fermi_LAT_GRBs.jpg (5991x2994) [2.1 MB] || ", "release_date": "2019-06-13T11:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:45:54.309282-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 395532, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013200/a013220/Fermi_LAT_GRBs_no_labels_print.jpg", "filename": "Fermi_LAT_GRBs_no_labels_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "An unlabeled version of the image above. \rCredit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center\r", "width": 1024, "height": 511, "pixels": 523264 } }, { "id": 12194, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12194/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "The Compton Legacy: A Quarter-century of Gamma-ray Science", "description": "This illustration of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory shows the locations of its four instruments, the Burst And Transient Source Experiment (BATSE), the Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment (OSSE), the Imaging Compton Telescope (COMPTEL), and the Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET). Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center || GRO_cutaway_labels_1080.jpg (1920x1081) [668.9 KB] || GRO_cutaway_labels_2160.jpg (3840x2161) [5.2 MB] || GRO_cutaway_labels_2160_searchweb.png (320x180) [116.1 KB] || GRO_cutaway_labels_2160_thm.png (80x40) [12.2 KB] || ", "release_date": "2016-04-07T12:55:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:48:44.205610-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 425384, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012100/a012194/GRO_cutaway_labels_2160_searchweb.png", "filename": "GRO_cutaway_labels_2160_searchweb.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This illustration of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory shows the locations of its four instruments, the Burst And Transient Source Experiment (BATSE), the Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment (OSSE), the Imaging Compton Telescope (COMPTEL), and the Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET). Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center", "width": 320, "height": 180, "pixels": 57600 } }, { "id": 12038, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12038/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "NASA's Swift Catches its 1,000th Gamma-ray Burst", "description": "Labeled image. GRB 151027B, Swift's 1,000th burst (center), is shown in this composite X-ray, ultraviolet and optical image. X-rays were captured by Swift's X-Ray Telescope, which began observing the field 3.4 minutes after the Burst Alert Telescope detected the blast. Swift's Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope (UVOT) began observations seven seconds later and faintly detected the burst in visible light. The image includes X-rays with energies from 300 to 6,000 electron volts, primarily from the burst, and lower-energy light seen through the UVOT's visible, blue and ultraviolet filters (shown, respectively, in red, green and blue). The image has a cumulative exposure of 10.4 hours. Credit: NASA/Swift/Phil Evans, Univ. of Leicester || grb151027B_UVOT_XRT_labeled_1080.jpg (912x1080) [403.9 KB] || grb151027B_UVOT_XRT_labeled_2160_print.jpg (1024x1213) [394.1 KB] || grb151027B_UVOT_XRT_labeled_2160.jpg (1823x2160) [1.0 MB] || grb151027B_UVOT_XRT_labeled_2160_searchweb.png (320x180) [43.8 KB] || grb151027B_UVOT_XRT_labeled_2160_thm.png (80x40) [3.6 KB] || ", "release_date": "2015-11-06T13:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:49:08.932492-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 438171, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012000/a012038/grb151027B_UVOT_XRT_labeled_2160_print.jpg", "filename": "grb151027B_UVOT_XRT_labeled_2160_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Labeled image. GRB 151027B, Swift's 1,000th burst (center), is shown in this composite X-ray, ultraviolet and optical image. X-rays were captured by Swift's X-Ray Telescope, which began observing the field 3.4 minutes after the Burst Alert Telescope detected the blast. Swift's Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope (UVOT) began observations seven seconds later and faintly detected the burst in visible light. The image includes X-rays with energies from 300 to 6,000 electron volts, primarily from the burst, and lower-energy light seen through the UVOT's visible, blue and ultraviolet filters (shown, respectively, in red, green and blue). The image has a cumulative exposure of 10.4 hours. Credit: NASA/Swift/Phil Evans, Univ. of Leicester", "width": 1024, "height": 1213, "pixels": 1242112 } }, { "id": 11545, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11545/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "The Gamma-ray Sky", "description": "Gamma rays are the most powerful form of light in the universe. In the darkness of space, these luminous rays, which are invisible to humans but detectable by spacecraft, act as celestial beacons that alert us to some of the most extreme events and objects in the cosmos. For instance, when dying stars explode as supernovae, they emit gamma rays; so do particles being sucked into supermassive black holes; as do pulsars, the rapidly rotating stars that are as massive as our sun but only about the size of Manhattan. Since 2008, NASA’s Fermi spacecraft has observed gamma rays in the Milky Way and beyond. Plotted on a map, the locations of different sources appear as bright spots in the night sky. Watch the video to see how the spacecraft detects gamma rays. || ", "release_date": "2014-06-19T00:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:50:49.083669-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 455705, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011500/a011545/c-1024.jpg", "filename": "c-1024.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Magnificent bursts of light help scientists pinpoint the most energetic spots in the universe.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } }, { "id": 11423, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11423/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Glimpsing the Infrastructure of a Gamma-ray Burst Jet", "description": "A new study using observations from the Liverpool Telescope in the Canary Islands provides the best look to date at magnetic fields at the heart of gamma-ray bursts, the most energetic explosions in the universe. An international team of astronomers from Britain, Slovenia and Italy has glimpsed the infrastructure of a burst's high-speed jet.Gamma-ray bursts are the most luminous explosions in the cosmos. Most are thought to be triggered when the core of a massive star runs out of nuclear fuel, collapses under its own weight, and forms a black hole. The black hole then drives jets of particles that drill all the way through the collapsing star and erupt into space at nearly the speed of light.Theoretical models of gamma-ray bursts predict that light from part of the jet should show strong and stable polarized emissions if the jet possesses a structured magnetic field originating from the environment around the newly-formed black hole, thought to be the \"central engine\" driving the burst.Previous observations of optical afterglows detected polarizations of about 10 percent, but they provided no information about how this value changed with time. As a result, they could not be used to test competing jet models.The Liverpool Telescope's rapid targeting enabled the team to catch the explosion just four minutes after the initial outburst. Over the following 10 minutes, RINGO2 collected 5,600 photographs of the burst afterglow while the properties of the magnetic field were still encoded in its captured light. The observations show that the initial afterglow light was polarized by 28 percent, the highest value ever recorded for a burst, and slowly declined to 16 percent, while the angle of the polarized light remained the same. This supports the presence of a large-scale organized magnetic field linked to the black hole, rather than a tangled magnetic field produced by instabilities within the jet itself. || ", "release_date": "2013-12-04T13:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:51:23.330975-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 460694, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011423/GRB_Jet_Mag_Field_FINAL_1080.jpg", "filename": "GRB_Jet_Mag_Field_FINAL_1080.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Measurements of polarized light in the afterglow of GRB 120308A by the Liverpool Telescope and its RINGO2 instrument indicate the presence of a large-scale stable magnetic field linked with a young black hole, as shown in this illustration.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/S. Wiessinger", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 11261, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11261/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "NASA's Fermi, Swift See 'Shockingly Bright' Gamma-ray Burst", "description": "A record-setting blast of gamma rays from a dying star in a distant galaxy has wowed astronomers around the world. The eruption, which is classified as a gamma-ray burst, or GRB, and designated GRB 130427A, produced the highest-energy light ever detected from such an event.The GRB lasted so long that a record number of telescopes on the ground were able to catch it while space-based observations were still ongoing.Just after 3:47 a.m. EDT on Saturday, April 27, Fermi's Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) triggered on an eruption of high-energy light in the constellation Leo. The burst occurred as NASA's Swift satellite was slewing between targets, which delayed its Burst Alert Telescope's detection by less than a minute. Fermi's Large Area Telescope (LAT) recorded one gamma ray with an energy of at least 94 billion electron volts (GeV), or some 35 billion times the energy of visible light, and about three times greater than the LAT's previous record. The GeV emission from the burst lasted for hours, and it remained detectable by the LAT for the better part of a day, setting a new record for the longest gamma-ray emission from a GRB.The burst subsequently was detected in optical, infrared and radio wavelengths by ground-based observatories, based on the rapid accurate position from Swift. Astronomers quickly learned that the GRB was located about 3.6 billion light-years away, which for these events is relatively close.Gamma-ray bursts are the universe's most luminous explosions. Astronomers think most occur when massive stars run out of nuclear fuel and collapse under their own weight. As the core collapses into a black hole, jets of material shoot outward at nearly the speed of light. The jets bore all the way through the collapsing star and continue into space, where they interact with gas previously shed by the star and generate bright afterglows that fade with time. If the GRB is near enough, astronomers usually discover a supernova at the site a week or so after the outburst. This GRB is in the closest 5 percent of bursts, so ground-based observatories are monitoring its location in hopes of finding an underlying supernova. || ", "release_date": "2013-05-03T12:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:52:11.580337-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 465852, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011200/a011261/GRB_LAT_B4_AFTER_2.jpg", "filename": "GRB_LAT_B4_AFTER_2.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "These maps, both centered on the north galactic pole, show how the sky looks at gamma-ray energies above 100 million electron volts (MeV). The first frame shows the sky during a three-hour interval prior to GRB 130427A. The second frame shows a three-hour interval starting 2.5 hours before the burst, and ending 30 minutes into the event. The Fermi team chose this interval to demonstrate how bright the burst was relative to the rest of the gamma-ray sky. This burst was bright enough that Fermi autonomously left its normal surveying mode to give the LAT instrument a better view, so the three-hour exposure following the burst does not cover the whole sky in the usual way. Credit: NASA/DOE/Fermi LAT Collaboration", "width": 1080, "height": 1080, "pixels": 1166400 } } ], "sources": [], "products": [], "newer_versions": [], "older_versions": [], "alternate_versions": [] }