{ "id": 11327, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11327/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Astronomers Directly Image Jovian Planet Around GJ 504", "description": "Using infrared data from the Subaru Telescope in Hawaii, an international team of astronomers has imaged a giant planet around the bright star GJ 504. Several times the mass of Jupiter and similar in size, the new world, dubbed GJ 504b, is the lowest-mass planet ever detected around a star like the sun using direct imaging techniques. If we could travel to this giant planet, we would see a world still glowing from the heat of its formation with a color reminiscent of a dark cherry blossom, a dull magenta. GJ 504b orbits its star at nearly nine times the distance Jupiter orbits the sun, which poses a challenge to theoretical ideas of how giant planets form. According to the most widely accepted picture, called the core-accretion model, Jupiter-like planets get their start in the gas-rich debris disk that surrounds a young star. A core produced by collisions among asteroids and comets provides a seed, and when this core reaches sufficient mass, its gravitational pull rapidly attracts gas from the disk to form the planet. While this model works fine for planets out to where Neptune orbits, about 30 times Earth's average distance from the sun (30 astronomical units, or AU), it's more problematic for worlds located farther from their stars. GJ 504b lies at a projected distance of 43.5 AU from its star; the actual distance depends on how the system tips to our line of sight, which is not precisely known. The research is part of the Strategic Explorations of Exoplanets and Disks with Subaru (SEEDS), a project to directly image extrasolar planets and protoplanetary disks around several hundred nearby stars using the Subaru Telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The five-year project began in 2009 and is led by Motohide Tamura at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). While direct imaging is arguably the most important technique for observing planets around other stars, it is also the most challenging. The SEEDS project images at near-infrared wavelengths with the help of the telescope's novel adaptive optics system, which compensates for the smearing effects of Earth's atmosphere, and two instruments: the High Contrast Instrument for the Subaru Next Generation Adaptive Optics and the InfraRed Camera and Spectrograph. The combination allows the team to push the boundary of direct imaging toward fainter planets. GJ 504b is about four times more massive than Jupiter and has an effective temperature of about 460 degrees Fahrenheit (237 Celsius). It orbits the G0-type star GJ 504, which is slightly hotter than the sun and is faintly visible to the unaided eye in the constellation Virgo. The star lies 57 light-years away and the team estimates the system is about 160 million years old, based on methods that link the star's color and rotation period to its age. || ", "release_date": "2013-08-05T13:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:51:57.922374-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 463332, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011300/a011327/GJ504b_Exoplanet_FINAL-1080.jpg", "filename": "GJ504b_Exoplanet_FINAL-1080.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Glowing a dark magenta, the newly discovered exoplanet GJ 504b weighs in with about four times Jupiter's mass, making it the lowest-mass planet ever directly imaged around a star like the sun. Artist's rendering.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/S. Wiessinger", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 }, "main_video": { "id": 2, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a001700/a001703/4559_Kepler_Neptune_Twitter_720.mp4", "filename": "4559_Kepler_Neptune_Twitter_720.mp4", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "", "width": 1280, "height": 720, "pixels": 921600 }, "main_credits": {}, "progress": "Complete", "media_groups": [ { "id": 343620, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11327/#media_group_343620", "widget": "Basic text with HTML", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Using infrared data from the Subaru Telescope in Hawaii, an international team of astronomers has imaged a giant planet around the bright star GJ 504. Several times the mass of Jupiter and similar in size, the new world, dubbed GJ 504b, is the lowest-mass planet ever detected around a star like the sun using direct imaging techniques.

If we could travel to this giant planet, we would see a world still glowing from the heat of its formation with a color reminiscent of a dark cherry blossom, a dull magenta.

GJ 504b orbits its star at nearly nine times the distance Jupiter orbits the sun, which poses a challenge to theoretical ideas of how giant planets form.

According to the most widely accepted picture, called the core-accretion model, Jupiter-like planets get their start in the gas-rich debris disk that surrounds a young star. A core produced by collisions among asteroids and comets provides a seed, and when this core reaches sufficient mass, its gravitational pull rapidly attracts gas from the disk to form the planet.

While this model works fine for planets out to where Neptune orbits, about 30 times Earth's average distance from the sun (30 astronomical units, or AU), it's more problematic for worlds located farther from their stars. GJ 504b lies at a projected distance of 43.5 AU from its star; the actual distance depends on how the system tips to our line of sight, which is not precisely known.

The research is part of the Strategic Explorations of Exoplanets and Disks with Subaru (SEEDS), a project to directly image extrasolar planets and protoplanetary disks around several hundred nearby stars using the Subaru Telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The five-year project began in 2009 and is led by Motohide Tamura at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ).

While direct imaging is arguably the most important technique for observing planets around other stars, it is also the most challenging.

The SEEDS project images at near-infrared wavelengths with the help of the telescope's novel adaptive optics system, which compensates for the smearing effects of Earth's atmosphere, and two instruments: the High Contrast Instrument for the Subaru Next Generation Adaptive Optics and the InfraRed Camera and Spectrograph. The combination allows the team to push the boundary of direct imaging toward fainter planets.

GJ 504b is about four times more massive than Jupiter and has an effective temperature of about 460 degrees Fahrenheit (237 Celsius). It orbits the G0-type star GJ 504, which is slightly hotter than the sun and is faintly visible to the unaided eye in the constellation Virgo. The star lies 57 light-years away and the team estimates the system is about 160 million years old, based on methods that link the star's color and rotation period to its age.", "items": [], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 343621, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11327/#media_group_343621", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Glowing a dark magenta, the newly discovered exoplanet GJ 504b weighs in with about four times Jupiter's mass, making it the lowest-mass planet ever directly imaged around a star like the sun. Artist's rendering.

Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/S. Wiessinger", "items": [ { "id": 299992, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 463332, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011300/a011327/GJ504b_Exoplanet_FINAL-1080.jpg", "filename": "GJ504b_Exoplanet_FINAL-1080.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Glowing a dark magenta, the newly discovered exoplanet GJ 504b weighs in with about four times Jupiter's mass, making it the lowest-mass planet ever directly imaged around a star like the sun. Artist's rendering.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/S. Wiessinger", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 299988, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 463327, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011300/a011327/GJ504b_Exoplanet_FINAL.jpg", "filename": "GJ504b_Exoplanet_FINAL.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Glowing a dark magenta, the newly discovered exoplanet GJ 504b weighs in with about four times Jupiter's mass, making it the lowest-mass planet ever directly imaged around a star like the sun. Artist's rendering.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/S. Wiessinger", "width": 6800, "height": 3825, "pixels": 26010000 } }, { "id": 299990, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 463329, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011300/a011327/GJ504b_Exoplanet_FINAL-Half.jpg", "filename": "GJ504b_Exoplanet_FINAL-Half.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Glowing a dark magenta, the newly discovered exoplanet GJ 504b weighs in with about four times Jupiter's mass, making it the lowest-mass planet ever directly imaged around a star like the sun. Artist's rendering.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/S. 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Wiessinger", "width": 6800, "height": 3825, "pixels": 26010000 } }, { "id": 299989, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 463330, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011300/a011327/GJ504b_Exoplanet_FINAL-Half.tif", "filename": "GJ504b_Exoplanet_FINAL-Half.tif", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Glowing a dark magenta, the newly discovered exoplanet GJ 504b weighs in with about four times Jupiter's mass, making it the lowest-mass planet ever directly imaged around a star like the sun. Artist's rendering.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/S. Wiessinger", "width": 3400, "height": 1913, "pixels": 6504200 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 343622, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11327/#media_group_343622", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "This chart locates the fifth-magnitude star GJ 504, also known as 59 Virginis, which is visible to the unaided eye from suburban skies. Labeled version.

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Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center", "items": [ { "id": 299999, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 463339, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011300/a011327/GJ504_Stars.jpg", "filename": "GJ504_Stars.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This chart locates the fifth-magnitude star GJ 504, also known as 59 Virginis, which is visible to the unaided eye from suburban skies. Unlabeled version.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center", "width": 2354, "height": 1542, "pixels": 3629868 } }, { "id": 300000, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 463340, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011300/a011327/GJ504_Stars_web.jpg", "filename": "GJ504_Stars_web.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This chart locates the fifth-magnitude star GJ 504, also known as 59 Virginis, which is visible to the unaided eye from suburban skies. Unlabeled version.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center", "width": 319, "height": 209, "pixels": 66671 } }, { "id": 299998, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 463338, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011300/a011327/GJ504_Stars.tif", "filename": "GJ504_Stars.tif", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This chart locates the fifth-magnitude star GJ 504, also known as 59 Virginis, which is visible to the unaided eye from suburban skies. Unlabeled version.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center", "width": 2354, "height": 1542, "pixels": 3629868 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 343624, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11327/#media_group_343624", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "This composite combines Subaru images of GJ 504 using two near-infrared wavelengths (orange, 1.6 micrometers, taken May 2011; blue, 1.2 micrometers, April 2012). Once processed to remove scattered starlight, the images reveal the orbiting planet, GJ 504b. The 2012 image was rotated by .9 degrees to compensate fro the planet's observed orbital motion. Labeled version.

Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/NAOJ", "items": [ { "id": 300001, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 463341, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011300/a011327/GJ504b_labels_v2.jpg", "filename": "GJ504b_labels_v2.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This composite combines Subaru images of GJ 504 using two near-infrared wavelengths (orange, 1.6 micrometers, taken May 2011; blue, 1.2 micrometers, April 2012). Once processed to remove scattered starlight, the images reveal the orbiting planet, GJ 504b. The 2012 image was rotated by .9 degrees to compensate fro the planet's observed orbital motion. Labeled version.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/NAOJ", "width": 1803, "height": 1655, "pixels": 2983965 } }, { "id": 300002, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 463342, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011300/a011327/GJ504b_labels_v2_web.png", "filename": "GJ504b_labels_v2_web.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This composite combines Subaru images of GJ 504 using two near-infrared wavelengths (orange, 1.6 micrometers, taken May 2011; blue, 1.2 micrometers, April 2012). Once processed to remove scattered starlight, the images reveal the orbiting planet, GJ 504b. The 2012 image was rotated by .9 degrees to compensate fro the planet's observed orbital motion. Labeled version.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/NAOJ", "width": 320, "height": 293, "pixels": 93760 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 343625, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11327/#media_group_343625", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "This composite combines Subaru images of GJ 504 using two near-infrared wavelengths (orange, 1.6 micrometers, taken May 2011; blue, 1.2 micrometers, April 2012). Once processed to remove scattered starlight, the images reveal the orbiting planet, GJ 504b. The 2012 image was rotated by .9 degrees to compensate fro the planet's observed orbital motion. Unlabeled version.

Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/NAOJ", "items": [ { "id": 300003, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 463343, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011300/a011327/GJ504b_no_labels.jpg", "filename": "GJ504b_no_labels.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This composite combines Subaru images of GJ 504 using two near-infrared wavelengths (orange, 1.6 micrometers, taken May 2011; blue, 1.2 micrometers, April 2012). Once processed to remove scattered starlight, the images reveal the orbiting planet, GJ 504b. The 2012 image was rotated by .9 degrees to compensate fro the planet's observed orbital motion. Unlabeled version.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/NAOJ", "width": 1803, "height": 1655, "pixels": 2983965 } }, { "id": 300004, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 463344, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011300/a011327/GJ504b_no_labels_web.png", "filename": "GJ504b_no_labels_web.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This composite combines Subaru images of GJ 504 using two near-infrared wavelengths (orange, 1.6 micrometers, taken May 2011; blue, 1.2 micrometers, April 2012). Once processed to remove scattered starlight, the images reveal the orbiting planet, GJ 504b. The 2012 image was rotated by .9 degrees to compensate fro the planet's observed orbital motion. Unlabeled version.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/NAOJ", "width": 320, "height": 293, "pixels": 93760 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 343626, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11327/#media_group_343626", "widget": "Basic text", "title": "For More Information", "caption": "", "description": "See [http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/astronomers-image-lowest-mass-exoplanet-around-a-sun-like-star/](http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/astronomers-image-lowest-mass-exoplanet-around-a-sun-like-star/)", "items": [], "extra_data": {} } ], "studio": "gms", "funding_sources": [ "NASA Astrophysics" ], "credits": [ { "role": "Illustrator", "people": [ { "name": "Scott Wiessinger", "employer": "KBR Wyle Services, LLC" } ] }, { "role": "Producer", "people": [ { "name": "Scott Wiessinger", "employer": "USRA" } ] }, { "role": "Science writer", "people": [ { "name": "Francis Reddy", "employer": "University of Maryland College Park" } ] }, { "role": "Graphics", "people": [ { "name": "Francis Reddy", "employer": "University of Maryland College Park" } ] } ], "missions": [], "series": [ "Astrophysics Stills" ], "tapes": [], "papers": [], "datasets": [], "nasa_science_categories": [ "Planets & Moons", "Universe" ], "keywords": [ "Ast", "Astrophysics", "Exoplanet", "Space" ], "recommended_pages": [], "related": [ { "id": 11115, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11115/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Astronomers Directly Image a Massive Star's 'Super-Jupiter'", "description": "Astronomers using infrared data from the Subaru Telescope in Hawaii have discovered a \"super-Jupiter\" around the bright star Kappa Andromedae, which now holds the record for the most massive star known to host a directly imaged planet or lightweight brown dwarf companion. Designated Kappa Andromedae b (Kappa And b, for short), the new object has a mass about 12.8 times greater than Jupiter's. This places it teetering on the dividing line that separates the most massive planets from the lowest-mass brown dwarfs. That ambiguity is one of the object's charms, say researchers, who call it a super-Jupiter to embrace both possibilities. Direct imaging of exoplanets is rare because the dim objects are usually lost in the star's brilliant glare. Massive planets slowly radiate the heat leftover from their own formation. For example, the planet Jupiter emits about twice the energy it receives from the sun. But if the object is massive enough, it's able to produce energy internally by fusing a heavy form of hydrogen called deuterium. (Stars like the sun, on the other hand, produce energy through a similar process that fuses the lighter and much more common form of hydrogen.) The theoretical mass where deuterium fusion can occur — about 13 Jupiters — marks the lowest possible mass for a brown dwarf. Young star systems are attractive targets for direct exoplanet imaging because young planets have not been around long enough to lose much of the heat from their formation, which enhances their brightness in the infrared. The team focused on the star Kappa And because of its relative youth — estimated at the tender age of 30 million years, or just 0.7 percent the age of our solar system, based on its likely membership in a stellar group known as the Columba Association. The star is located 170 light-years away in the direction of the constellation Andromeda and is visible to the unaided eye. Kappa And b orbits its star at a projected distance of 55 times Earth's average distance from the sun and about 1.8 times as far as Neptune; the actual distance depends on how the system is oriented to our line of sight, which is not precisely known. The object has a temperature of about 2,600 degrees Fahrenheit (1,400 Celsius) and would appear bright red if seen up close by the human eye. Carson's team detected the object in independent observations at four different infrared wavelengths in January and July of this year. Comparing the two images taken half a year apart showed that Kappa And b exhibits the same motion across the sky as its host star, which proves that the two objects are gravitationally bound and traveling together through space. Comparing the brightness of the super-Jupiter between different wavelengths revealed infrared colors similar to those observed in the handful of other gas giant planets successfully imaged around stars. The research is part of the Strategic Explorations of Exoplanets and Disks with Subaru (SEEDS), a five-year effort to directly image extrasolar planets and protoplanetary disks around several hundred nearby stars using the Subaru Telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The SEEDS research team is continuing to study Kappa And b to better understand the chemistry of its atmosphere, constrain its orbit, and search for possible secondary planets. || ", "release_date": "2012-11-19T13:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:52:37.933452-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 471474, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011100/a011115/RED_Kappa_Andromedae_FINAL_3400x1913.jpg", "filename": "RED_Kappa_Andromedae_FINAL_3400x1913.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "The \"super-Jupiter\" Kappa Andromedae b, shown here in an artist's rendering, circles its star at nearly twice the distance that Neptune orbits the sun. With a mass about 13 times Jupiter's, the object glows with a reddish color. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/S. Wiessinger", "width": 3400, "height": 1913, "pixels": 6504200 } } ], "sources": [], "products": [], "newer_versions": [], "older_versions": [], "alternate_versions": [] }