Earlier this year, the Fermi team released its second catalog of sources detected by the satellite's Large Area Telescope (LAT), producing an inventory of 1,873 objects shining with the highest-energy form of light. More than half of these sources are active galaxies whose supermassive black hole centers are causing the gamma-ray emissions.", "items": [], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 351325, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10819/#media_group_351325", "widget": "Video player", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Active galaxies called blazars make up the largest class of objects detected by Fermi's Large Area Telescope (LAT). Massive black holes in the hearts of these galaxies fire particle jets in our direction. Fermi team member Elizabeth Hays narrates this quick tour of blazars, which includes LAT movies showing how rapidly their emissions can change. Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/CI Lab
Watch this video on the NASAexplorer YouTube channel.
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Credit: NASA/DOE/Fermi LAT Collaboration", "width": 5000, "height": 3325, "pixels": 16625000 } }, { "id": 328275, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 483816, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a010800/a010819/2-year-all-sky_GT1_GeV_no_labels_w_scale_small_web.png", "filename": "2-year-all-sky_GT1_GeV_no_labels_w_scale_small_web.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This all-sky image, constructed from two years of observations by NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, is the deepest and best-resolved portrait of the gamma-ray sky to date. The view shows how the sky appears at energies greater than 1 billion electron volts (1 GeV). For comparison, the energy of visible light is between 2 and 3 electron volts. A diffuse glow fills the sky and is brightest along the plane of our galaxy (middle). Discrete gamma-ray sources include pulsars and supernovae remnants within our galaxy as well as distant galaxies powered by supermassive black holes. Fermi's Large Area Telescope counts incoming gamma rays. In this view, brighter colors indicate greater numbers of gamma rays with energies beyond 1 GeV, as detailed in the scale below. Credit: NASA/DOE/Fermi LAT Collaboration", "width": 320, "height": 212, "pixels": 67840 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 351331, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10819/#media_group_351331", "widget": "Basic text", "title": "For More Information", "caption": "", "description": "See [http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GLAST/news/gamma-ray-census.html](http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GLAST/news/gamma-ray-census.html)", "items": [], "extra_data": {} } ], "studio": "gms", "funding_sources": [ "NASA Astrophysics" ], "credits": [ { "role": "Animator", "people": [ { "name": "Walt Feimer", "employer": "HTSI" }, { "name": "Scott Wiessinger", "employer": "USRA" } ] }, { "role": "Video editor", "people": [ { "name": "Scott Wiessinger", "employer": "USRA" } ] }, { "role": "Narrator", "people": [ { "name": "Elizabeth Hays", "employer": "NASA/GSFC" } ] }, { "role": "Producer", "people": [ { "name": "Scott Wiessinger", "employer": "USRA" } ] }, { "role": "Science writer", "people": [ { "name": "Francis Reddy", "employer": "University of Maryland College Park" } ] }, { "role": "Graphics", "people": [ { "name": "Francis Reddy", "employer": "University of Maryland College Park" } ] } ], "missions": [ "Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope" ], "series": [ "Astrophysics Features", "Astrophysics Stills", "Astrophysics Visualizations", "Narrated Movies" ], "tapes": [ "Fermi Blazar (Produced by: Robert Crippen)" ], "papers": [], "datasets": [ { "name": "", "common_name": "", "platform": "Fermi", "sensor": "LAT", "type": "Event List", "organizations": [], "description": "Fermi Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) Large Area Telescope (LAT)", "credit": "", "url": "http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov", "date_range": null }, { "name": "", "common_name": "", "platform": "Fermi", "sensor": null, "type": "Other", "organizations": [], "description": "", "credit": "", "url": "", "date_range": null } ], "nasa_science_categories": [ "Universe" ], "keywords": [ "Ast", "Astrophysics", "Black Hole", "Blazar", "Earth Science", "Edited Feature", "Fermi", "Galaxy", "Gamma Ray", "HDTV", "Music", "Narrated", "Neutron Star", "Satellite", "Space", "Space science", "Spectral/Engineering" ], "recommended_pages": [], "related": [ { "id": 14090, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14090/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Fermi's 12-year View of the Gamma-ray Sky", "description": "This image shows the entire sky as seen by Fermi's Large Area Telescope. The most prominent feature is the bright, diffuse glow running along the middle of the map, which marks the central plane of our Milky Way galaxy. The gamma rays there are mostly produced when energetic particles accelerated in the shock waves of supernova remnants collide with gas atoms and even light between the stars. Many of the star-like features above and below the Milky Way plane are distant galaxies powered by supermassive black holes. Many of the bright sources along the plane are pulsars. The image was constructed from 12 years of observations using front-converting gamma rays with energies greater than 1 GeV. Hammer projection.Credit: NASA/DOE/Fermi LAT Collaboration || Fermi_144-month_Fermi_all-sky_hammer_2160x1080.png (2160x1080) [2.4 MB] || Fermi_144-month_Fermi_all-sky_hammer_2160x1080_print.jpg (1024x512) [306.6 KB] || Fermi_144-month_Fermi_all-sky_hammer_4000x2000.png (4000x2000) [7.0 MB] || Fermi_144-month_Fermi_all-sky_hammer_3600x1800.png (3600x1800) [4.9 MB] || ", "release_date": "2022-02-12T00:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2022-02-07T14:45:20-05:00", "main_image": { "id": 373454, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a014000/a014090/Fermi_144_month_all-sky-cyl_3600x1800_print.jpg", "filename": "Fermi_144_month_all-sky-cyl_3600x1800_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Same as above but in the equidistant cylindrical projection.Credit: NASA/DOE/Fermi LAT Collaboration", "width": 1024, "height": 512, "pixels": 524288 } }, { "id": 11563, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11563/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Black Hole 'Batteries' Keep Blazars Going and Going", "description": "Astronomers studying two classes of black-hole-powered galaxies monitored by NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope have found evidence that they represent different sides of the same cosmic coin. By unraveling how these objects, called blazars, are distributed throughout the universe, the scientists suggest that apparently distinctive properties defining each class more likely reflect a change in the way the galaxies extract energy from their central black holes.Active galaxies possess extraordinarily luminous cores powered by black holes containing millions or even billions of times the mass of the sun. As gas falls toward these supermassive black holes, it settles into an accretion disk and heats up. Near the brink of the black hole, through processes not yet well understood, some of the gas blasts out of the disk in jets moving in opposite directions at nearly the speed of light. Blazars are the highest-energy type of active galaxy and emit light across the spectrum, from radio to gamma rays. Astronomers think blazars appear so intense because they happen to tip our way, bringing one jet nearly into our line of sight.Astronomers have identified two models in the blazar line. One, known as flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), show strong emission from an active accretion disk, much higher luminosities, smaller black hole masses and lower particle acceleration in the jets. The other, called BL Lacs, are totally dominated by the jet emission, with the jet particles reaching much higher energy and the accretion disk emission either weak or absent.Large galaxies grew out of collisions and mergers with many smaller galaxies, and this process occurs with greater frequency as we look back in time. These collisions provided plentiful gas to the growing galaxy and kept the gas stirred up so it could more easily reach the central black hole, where it piled up into a vast, hot, and bright accretion disk like those seen in \"gas-guzzling\" FSRQs. Some of the gas near the hole powers a jet while the rest falls in and gradually increases the black hole's spin.As the universe expands and the density of galaxies decreases, so do galaxy collisions and the fresh supply of gas they provide to the black hole. The accretion disk becomes depleted over time, but what's left is orbiting a faster-spinning and more massive black hole. These properties allow BL Lac objects to maintain a powerful jet even though relatively meager amounts of material are spiraling toward the black hole.In effect, the energy of accretion from the galaxy's days as an FSRQ becomes stored in the increasing rotation and mass of its black hole, which acts much like a battery. When the gas-rich accretion disk all but disappears, the blazar taps into the black hole's stored energy that, despite a lower accretion rate, allows it to continue operating its particle jet and producing high-energy emissions as a BL Lac object. || ", "release_date": "2014-06-10T10:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:50:50.312302-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 454616, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011500/a011563/AGN_Transition-Before.jpg", "filename": "AGN_Transition-Before.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "What astronomers once thought were two blazar families may in fact be one, as shown in this artist's concept. Energy stored in the black hole during its salad days of intense accretion may later be tapped by the blazar to continue its high-energy emissions long after this gas has been depleted.", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 11437, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11437/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "First Gamma-ray Measurement of a Gravitational Lens", "description": "Astronomers using NASA's Fermi observatory have made the first gamma-ray measurements of a gravitational lens, a kind of natural telescope formed when a rare cosmic alignment allows the gravity of a massive object to bend and amplify light from a more distant source.The opportunity arose in September 2012, when Fermi's Large Area Telescope (LAT) detected a series of bright gamma-ray flares from a source known as B0218+357, located 4.35 billion light-years away in the constellation Triangulum. These powerful outbursts in a known gravitational lens provided the key to making the measurement. Astronomers classify B0218+357 as a blazar, a type of active galaxy noted for intense outbursts. At the blazar's heart is a supersized black hole with a mass millions to billions of times that of the sun. As matter spirals toward this black hole, some of it blasts outward as jets of particles traveling near the speed of light in opposite directions.Long before light from B0218+357 reaches us, it passes directly through a spiral galaxy – one much like our own – located 4.03 billion light-years away. The galaxy's gravity bends the light into different paths, so astronomers see the background blazar as dual images. But these paths aren't the same length, which means that when one image flares, there's a delay of many days before the other does.While radio and optical telescopes can resolve and monitor the individual blazar images, Fermi's LAT cannot. Instead, the Fermi team exploited the playback delay between the images. In September 2012, when the blazar's flaring activity made it the brightest gamma-ray source outside of our own galaxy, Fermi scientists took advantage of the opportunity by using a week of dedicated LAT time to hunt for delayed flares. Three episodes of flares showing playback delays of 11.46 days were found, with the strongest evidence in a sequence of flares captured during the week-long LAT observations. || ", "release_date": "2014-01-06T10:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:51:19.955910-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 459769, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011437/Lensed_Blazar_Still.jpg", "filename": "Lensed_Blazar_Still.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This movie illustrates the components of a gravitational lens system known as B0218+357. Different sight lines to a background blazar result in two images that show outbursts at slightly different times. NASA's Fermi made the first gamma-ray measurements of this delay in a lens system. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } }, { "id": 10540, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10540/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Brightest-ever Flare From Blazar 3C 454.3", "description": "The blazar 3C 454.3, which lies 7.2 billion light-years away in the constellation Pegasus, underwent a series of intense flares in the fall of 2009. By December, it had become the brightest persistent gamma-ray source in the sky — more than ten times brighter than it was in the summer. These all-sky images, which record the numbers of high-energy gamma-rays captured by Fermi's Large Area Telescope on Dec. 3 and Nov. 18, clearly show the change. Typically, the Vela pulsar, which lies only 1,000 light-years away, is the sky's brightest persistent source of gamma rays. Blazar 3C 454.3, which is millions of times farther away, rose to twice Vela's brightness. Astronomers suspect the activity is driven by some change within the galaxy's black-hole-powered particle jet, but they do not understand the details. || ", "release_date": "2009-12-09T10:00:00-05:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:54:27.204984-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 495163, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a010500/a010540/All-sky_comparison_no_labels_FullRes.jpg", "filename": "All-sky_comparison_no_labels_FullRes.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Dissolve showing change in brightness of Blazar 3C 454.3", "width": 1488, "height": 1119, "pixels": 1665072 } }, { "id": 10407, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10407/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Fermi All-sky Movie Shows Flaring, Fading Blazars", "description": "This all-sky movie shows counts of gamma rays with energies greater than 300 million electron volts from August 4 to October 30, 2008, detected by Fermi's Large Area Telescope. Brighter colors indicate brighter gamma-ray sources. The circles show the northern (left) and southern galactic sky. Their edges lie along the plane of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Because this is an unusual view of the sky, the movies first overlay the stars and establish the locations of well- known constellations: Ursa Major (which includes the Big Dipper), Boötes, and Virgo in the northern galactic map; Cetus, Aries, and Pegasus in the southern galactic map. Notable gamma-ray sources include the sun (moving through the northern sky), the gamma-ray-only pulsar PSR J1836+5925 — a member of a new pulsar class discovered by Fermi — and numerous blazars (active galaxies). The blazars 3C 273, AO 0235+164, and PKS 1502+106 are highlighted. || ", "release_date": "2009-04-03T14:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:54:51.330497-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 499092, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a010400/a010407/Fermi_North_South_Tour_512x288.00002_print.jpg", "filename": "Fermi_North_South_Tour_512x288.00002_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This all-sky movie shows Fermi LAT counts of gamma rays with energies greater than 300 million electron volts from August 4 to October 30, 2008. Brighter colors indicate brighter gamma-ray sources. The circles show the northern (left) and southern galactic sky. Their edges lie along the plane of our galaxy, the Milky Way.", "width": 1024, "height": 576, "pixels": 589824 } } ], "sources": [], "products": [], "newer_versions": [], "older_versions": [], "alternate_versions": [] }