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Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center

Watch this video on the NASA.gov Video YouTube channel.

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Now, a team of scientists using observations from NASA's Swift satellite have mapped out how and where these different wavelengths were produced in the event, named ASASSN-14li, as the shattered star's debris circled the black hole.

Astronomers discovered brightness changes in X-rays that occurred about a month after similar changes were observed in visible and UV light, which means the optical and UV emission arose far from the black hole, likely where elliptical streams of orbiting matter crashed into each other.

ASASSN-14li was discovered Nov. 22, 2014, in images obtained by the All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASASSN), which includes robotic telescopes in Hawaii and Chile. Follow-up observations with Swift's X-ray and Ultraviolet/Optical telescopes began eight days later and continued every few days for the next nine months.

ASASSN-14li was produced when a sun-like star wandered too close to a 3-million-solar-mass black hole. A star grazing a black hole with 10,000 or more times the sun's mass experiences enormous tides that tear it into a stream of debris. Astronomers call this a tidal disruption event.

Matter falling toward a black hole collects into a spinning accretion disk, where it becomes compressed and heated before eventually spilling over the black hole's event horizon, the point beyond which nothing can escape and astronomers cannot observe. Tidal disruption flares carry important information about how this debris initially settles into an accretion disk.", "items": [], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 330928, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12499/#media_group_330928", "widget": "Video player", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "4K UHD version. This animation illustrates how debris from a tidally disrupted star collides with itself, creating shock waves that emit ultraviolet and optical light far from the black hole. According to Swift observations of ASASSN-14li, these clumps took about a month to fall back to the black hole, where they produced changes in the X-ray emission that correlated with the earlier UV and optical changes.

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Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center", "width": 3840, "height": 2160, "pixels": 8294400 } }, { "id": 260505, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 416503, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012400/a012499/frames/3840x2160_16x9_30p/", "filename": "3840x2160_16x9_30p", "media_type": "Frames", "alt_text": "4K UHD version. This animation illustrates how debris from a tidally disrupted star collides with itself, creating shock waves that emit ultraviolet and optical light far from the black hole. According to Swift observations of ASASSN-14li, these clumps took about a month to fall back to the black hole, where they produced changes in the X-ray emission that correlated with the earlier UV and optical changes. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center", "width": 3840, "height": 2160, "pixels": 8294400 } }, { "id": 260506, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 416504, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012400/a012499/Shocks_at_Apocenter_Animation_FINAL-4K.mov", "filename": "Shocks_at_Apocenter_Animation_FINAL-4K.mov", "media_type": "Movie", "alt_text": "4K UHD version. This animation illustrates how debris from a tidally disrupted star collides with itself, creating shock waves that emit ultraviolet and optical light far from the black hole. According to Swift observations of ASASSN-14li, these clumps took about a month to fall back to the black hole, where they produced changes in the X-ray emission that correlated with the earlier UV and optical changes. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center", "width": 3840, "height": 2160, "pixels": 8294400 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 330929, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12499/#media_group_330929", "widget": "Single image", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "This artist’s rendering shows the tidal disruption event named ASASSN-14li, where a star wandering too close to a 3-million-solar-mass black hole was torn apart. The debris gathered into an accretion disk around the black hole. New data from NASA's Swift satellite show that the initial formation of the disk was shaped by interactions among incoming and outgoing streams of tidal debris.

Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center", "items": [ { "id": 260510, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 416508, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012400/a012499/ASSASN-14li_banner.jpg", "filename": "ASSASN-14li_banner.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "This artist’s rendering shows the tidal disruption event named ASASSN-14li, where a star wandering too close to a 3-million-solar-mass black hole was torn apart. The debris gathered into an accretion disk around the black hole. New data from NASA's Swift satellite show that the initial formation of the disk was shaped by interactions among incoming and outgoing streams of tidal debris.Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center", "width": 3840, "height": 2160, "pixels": 8294400 } } ], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 330930, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12499/#media_group_330930", "widget": "Basic text", "title": "For More Information", "caption": "", "description": "See [https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/swift-maps-a-stars-death-spiral-into-a-black-hole](https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/swift-maps-a-stars-death-spiral-into-a-black-hole)", "items": [], "extra_data": {} } ], "studio": "GMS", "funding_sources": [ "NASA Astrophysics" ], "credits": [ { "role": "Producer", "people": [ { "name": "Scott Wiessinger", "employer": "USRA" } ] }, { "role": "Animator", "people": [ { "name": "Scott Wiessinger", "employer": "USRA" } ] }, { "role": "Science writer", "people": [ { "name": "Francis Reddy", "employer": "Syneren Technologies" } ] } ], "missions": [ "Swift" ], "series": [ "Astrophysics Animations", "Astrophysics Stills" ], "tapes": [], "papers": [], "datasets": [], "nasa_science_categories": [ "Universe" ], "keywords": [ "4K", "Ast", "Astrophysics", "Black Hole", "HDTV", "Hyperwall", "Space", "Supermassive Black Hole", "Swift", "X-ray" ], "recommended_pages": [], "related": [ { "id": 13321, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13321/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Rare Black Hole Event Seen by Satellites and Ground-based Telescopes Live Shots", "description": "B-roll package that corresponds to the following:SUGGESTED QUESTIONSWhat is a black hole and what did NASA and its partners discover?How does a black hole destroy a star?How did NASA and other observatories work together to capture this moment?What new things did we learn from this catastrophic event?How far away is this black hole? Could our Sun be eaten by a black hole?Black holes are black right? How do scientists study something that can’t be seen?Where can we learn more?QUESTIONS FOR LONGER INTERVIEWS:How does a planet-hunting mission help us learn about black holes?How did the scientists involved first learn about the event?What is #BlackHoleWeek?QUICK LINKS TO VIDEO AND AUDIOClick for downloadable AUDIO SOUNDBITE with NASA Scientist Knicole Colon.Click for downloadable soundbites with NASA Scientist Knicole ColonClick for downloadable soundbites with NASA Scientist Brad CenkoClick for downloadable soundbites with Carnegie astronomer Tom Holoien. || b_roll_slate.png (1280x720) [336.8 KB] || Rare_Black_Hole_Event_Broll_720p.mp4 (1280x720) [677.9 MB] || Rare_Black_Hole_Event_Broll_720p.webm (1280x720) [37.1 MB] || ", "release_date": "2019-09-26T12:00:00-04:00", "update_date": "2023-05-03T13:45:37.295914-04:00", "main_image": { "id": 392635, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a013300/a013321/knicole_screen_grab.png", "filename": "knicole_screen_grab.png", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Canned interview with NASA Scientist Knicole Colon. TRT 4:40", "width": 2452, "height": 1342, "pixels": 3290584 } }, { "id": 12005, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12005/", "page_type": "Produced Video", "title": "Massive Black Hole Shreds Passing Star", "description": "A star approaching too close to a massive black hole is torn apart by tidal forces, as shown in this artist's rendering. Filaments containing much of the star's mass fall toward the black hole. Eventually these gaseous filaments merge into a smooth, hot disk glowing brightly in X-rays. As the disk forms, its central region heats up tremendously, which drives a flow of material, called a wind, away from the disk. 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Filaments containing much of the star's mass fall toward the black hole. Eventually these gaseous filaments merge into a smooth, hot disk glowing brightly in X-rays. As the disk forms, its central region heats up tremendously, which drives a flow of material, called a wind, away from the disk. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/CI LabWatch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.For complete transcript, click here.", "width": 1920, "height": 1080, "pixels": 2073600 } } ], "sources": [], "products": [], "newer_versions": [], "older_versions": [], "alternate_versions": [] }