WMS Web Map Server maintained by the Scientific Visualization Studio at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Horace Mitchell NASA Scientific Visualization Studio Director postal

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 930

Greenbelt MD 20771 USA +1 301 286-4030 none none 1 text/xml image/png XML During the summer of 1988, wildfires burned about 1.4 million acres in and around Yellowstone National Park. Spurred by the driest summer in park history, the fires started in early July and lasted until early October. The worst day was August 20, when tremendous winds pushed the fires to burn over 150,000 acres. Although the scars from these fires are still visible in Landsat imagery from space over ten years later, the patchwork nature of the fire footprint left many unburned areas from which plant species have regenerated very successfully. This animation shows how the fires progressed in the period from June 30 though October 2, 1988, by which time the fall rain and snow had stopped the fire growth. These maps are based on daily ground observations by fire lookouts in the park and by infrared imaging cameras flown over the park at night. These observations are considered accurate to within about 100 meters. Natural hazards Physical geography Yellowstone National Park EARTH SCIENCE:Agriculture:Forest Science:Forest Fire Science EARTH SCIENCE:Biosphere:Ecological Dynamics:Fire Occurrence EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Fires image/png text/plain text/html 2909_17518 During the summer of 1988, wildfires burned about 1.4 million acres in and around Yellowstone National Park. Spurred by the driest summer in park history, the fires started in early July and lasted until early October. The worst day was August 20, when tremendous winds pushed the fires to burn over 150,000 acres. Although the scars from these fires are still visible in Landsat imagery from space over ten years later, the patchwork nature of the fire footprint left many unburned areas from which plant species have regenerated very successfully. This animation shows how the fires progressed in the period from June 30 though October 2, 1988, by which time the fall rain and snow had stopped the fire growth. These maps are based on daily ground observations by fire lookouts in the park and by infrared imaging cameras flown over the park at night. These observations are considered accurate to within about 100 meters. Natural hazards Physical geography Yellowstone National Park EARTH SCIENCE:Agriculture:Forest Science:Forest Fire Science EARTH SCIENCE:Biosphere:Ecological Dynamics:Fire Occurrence EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Fires CRS:84 -111.4 -109.4 43.868 45.4 1988-06-30/1988-10-02/P1D text/plain text/html 2909_17518_bg During the summer of 1988, wildfires burned about 1.4 million acres in and around Yellowstone National Park. Spurred by the driest summer in park history, the fires started in early July and lasted until early October. The worst day was August 20, when tremendous winds pushed the fires to burn over 150,000 acres. Although the scars from these fires are still visible in Landsat imagery from space over ten years later, the patchwork nature of the fire footprint left many unburned areas from which plant species have regenerated very successfully. This animation shows how the fires progressed in the period from June 30 though October 2, 1988, by which time the fall rain and snow had stopped the fire growth. These maps are based on daily ground observations by fire lookouts in the park and by infrared imaging cameras flown over the park at night. These observations are considered accurate to within about 100 meters. This image can be composited with the previous animation. Natural hazards Physical geography Yellowstone National Park EARTH SCIENCE:Agriculture:Forest Science:Forest Fire Science EARTH SCIENCE:Biosphere:Ecological Dynamics:Fire Occurrence EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Fires CRS:84 -111.4 -109.4 43.868 45.4 text/plain text/html This animation shows fire activity in Africa from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2002. The fires are shown as tiny particles with each particle depicting the geographic region in which fire was detected. The color of a particle represents the number of days since a sizable amount of fire was detected in that region, with red representing less than 20 days, orange representing 20 to 40 days, yellow representing 40 to 60 days, and gray to black representing more than 60 days. This data was measured by the MODIS instrument on the Terra satellite. MODIS detects fires by measuring the brightness temperature of a region in several frequency bands and looking for hot spots where this temperature is greater than the surrounding region. Atmospheric science Forestry Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Agriculture:Forest Science:Forest Fire Science EARTH SCIENCE:Biosphere:Ecological Dynamics:Fire Occurrence EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Fires Location:Africa image/png text/plain text/html 2890_17402 This animation shows fire activity in Africa from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2002. The fires are shown as tiny particles with each particle depicting the geographic region in which fire was detected. The color of a particle represents the number of days since a sizable amount of fire was detected in that region, with red representing less than 20 days, orange representing 20 to 40 days, yellow representing 40 to 60 days, and gray to black representing more than 60 days. This data was measured by the MODIS instrument on the Terra satellite. MODIS detects fires by measuring the brightness temperature of a region in several frequency bands and looking for hot spots where this temperature is greater than the surrounding region. Atmospheric science Forestry Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Agriculture:Forest Science:Forest Fire Science EARTH SCIENCE:Biosphere:Ecological Dynamics:Fire Occurrence EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Fires Location:Africa CRS:84 -22 58 -39 41 2002-01-01/2002-12-31/P1D text/plain text/html 2890_17402_bg This animation shows fire activity in Africa from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2002. The fires are shown as tiny particles with each particle depicting the geographic region in which fire was detected. The color of a particle represents the number of days since a sizable amount of fire was detected in that region, with red representing less than 20 days, orange representing 20 to 40 days, yellow representing 40 to 60 days, and gray to black representing more than 60 days. This data was measured by the MODIS instrument on the Terra satellite. MODIS detects fires by measuring the brightness temperature of a region in several frequency bands and looking for hot spots where this temperature is greater than the surrounding region. This image can be composited with the previous animation. Atmospheric science Forestry Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Agriculture:Forest Science:Forest Fire Science EARTH SCIENCE:Biosphere:Ecological Dynamics:Fire Occurrence EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Fires Location:Africa CRS:84 -22 58 -39 41 text/plain text/html 3338_24550 In the first global assessment of the impact of ozone on climate warming, scientists at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), New York, evaluated how ozone in the lowest part of the atmosphere (the troposphere) changed temperatures over the past 100 years. Using the best available estimates of global emissions of gases that create ozone, the GISS computer model study reveals how much this single air pollutant and greenhouse gas has contributed to warming in specific regions of the world. Ozone was responsible for one-third to half of the observed warming trend in the Arctic during winter and spring, according to the new research. Ozone is transported from the industrialized countries in the Northern Hemisphere to the Arctic quite efficiently during these seasons. The findings will be published soon in the American Geophysical Union's Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres. The impact of ozone air pollution on climate warming is difficult to pinpoint because, unlike other greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, ozone does not last long enough in the lower atmosphere to spread uniformly around the globe. Its warming impact is much more closely tied to the region it originated from. To capture this complex picture, the GISS scientists used a suite of three-dimensional computer models that starts with data on ozone sources and then tracks how ozone chemically evolved and moved around the world over the past century. The research was supported by NASA's Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program. EARTH SCIENCE:Climate Indicators:Air Temperature Indices EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Chemistry/Oxygen Compounds:Ozone CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 1884-/1994-/P1Y image/png text/plain 3306_24146 This visualization shows sea surface temperatures during most of the 2005 hurricane season. Overlaid are infrared cloud data, storm track data, and storm name labels. Warm ocean waters provide the heat energy that fuels hurricanes. Notice the correspondence between the storm tracks and the sea surface temperature response; this is particulary noticeable for hurricanes Dennis, Emily, and Katrina, where the hurricanes churn up the ocean so that cooler water rises to the surface. This version shows the entire Atlantic hurricane region and depicts all of the 2005 hurricanes except Zeta, which appeared at the very end of the year. Atmospheric science Hurricane Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes CRS:84 -100 0 0 50 2005-06-01T00Z/2005-12-12T18Z/PT6H image/png text/plain 3255_22652 Low earth-orbiting satellites, such as Aqua, usually see any place on Earth no more than once a day. This daily sequence of color images from the MODIS instrument on Aqua shows the Gulf of Mexico during the period of Hurricane Katrina, from August 23 to August 30, 2005. The gaps in the MODIS imagery occur between successive orbits, about 90 minutes apart, and are filled in in this animation using high-resolution visible imagery from GOES-12. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Visible Wavelengths:Visible Imagery CRS:84 -100 -70 10 40 2005-08-23T17:45Z/2005-08-30T17:45Z/P1D image/png text/plain 3254_22657 The GOES-12 satellite sits at 75 degrees west longitude at an altitude of 36,000 kilometers over the equator, in geosynchronous orbit. At this position its Imager instrument takes pictures of cloud patterns in several wavelengths for all of North and South America, a primary measurement used in weather forecasting. The Imager takes a pattern of pictures of parts of the Earth in several wavelengths all day, measurements that are vital in weather forecasting. This animation shows a daily sequence of GOES-12 images in the visible wavelengths, from 0.52 to 0.72 microns, during the period that Hurricane Katrina passed through the Gulf of Mexico. At one kilometer resolution, the visible band measurement is the highest resolution data from the Imager, which accounts for the very high level of detail in these images. For this animation, the cloud data was extracted from GOES image and laid over a background color image of the southeast United States. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Visible Wavelengths:Visible Imagery CRS:84 -100 -70 10 40 2005-08-23T17:45Z/2005-08-30T17:45Z/P1D image/png text/plain text/html The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation shows eight days of global TMI 85 GHz measurements in the Gulf of Mexico during Hurricane Katrina. The hurricane Katrina rainbands clearly show up in these images. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Microwave:Brightness Temperature image/png text/plain text/html 3250_22668 The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation shows eight days of global TMI 85 GHz measurements in the Gulf of Mexico during Hurricane Katrina. The hurricane Katrina rainbands clearly show up in these images. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Microwave:Brightness Temperature CRS:84 -100 -70 10 40 2005-08-22T24Z,2005-08-23T05Z,2005-08-23T23Z,2005-08-24T06Z,2005-08-24T22Z,2005-08-25T05Z,2005-08-25T23Z,2005-08-26T04Z,2005-08-26T22Z,2005-08-27T04Z,2005-08-27T21Z,2005-08-28T04Z,2005-08-28T22Z,2005-08-29T03Z,2005-08-29T22Z,2005-08-30T02Z,2005-08-30T22Z text/plain text/html 3250_22668_bg The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation shows eight days of global TMI 85 GHz measurements in the Gulf of Mexico during Hurricane Katrina. The hurricane Katrina rainbands clearly show up in these images. This image can be composited with the previous animation. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Microwave:Brightness Temperature CRS:84 -100 -70 10 40 text/plain text/html The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation shows eight days of global TMI 85 GHz measurements in the Gulf of Mexico during Hurricane Katrina. The hurricane Katrina rainbands clearly show up in these images. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Microwave:Brightness Temperature image/png text/plain text/html 3249_22662 The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation shows eight days of global TMI 85 GHz measurements in the Gulf of Mexico during Hurricane Katrina. The hurricane Katrina rainbands clearly show up in these images. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Microwave:Brightness Temperature CRS:84 -100 -70 10 40 2005-08-22T24Z,2005-08-23T05Z,2005-08-23T23Z,2005-08-24T06Z,2005-08-24T22Z,2005-08-25T05Z,2005-08-25T23Z,2005-08-26T04Z,2005-08-26T22Z,2005-08-27T04Z,2005-08-27T21Z,2005-08-28T04Z,2005-08-28T22Z,2005-08-29T03Z,2005-08-29T22Z,2005-08-30T02Z,2005-08-30T22Z text/plain text/html 3249_22662_bg The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation shows eight days of global TMI 85 GHz measurements in the Gulf of Mexico during Hurricane Katrina. The hurricane Katrina rainbands clearly show up in these images. This image can be composited with the previous animation. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Microwave:Brightness Temperature CRS:84 -100 -70 10 40 text/plain text/html The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation builds up four days of global TMI 85 GHz measurements. Hurricane Katrina was in the Gulf of Mexico at the time and clearly shows up in the measurements. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Precipitation:Rain EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Microwave:Brightness Temperature image/png text/plain text/html 3248_22701 The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation builds up four days of global TMI 85 GHz measurements. Hurricane Katrina was in the Gulf of Mexico at the time and clearly shows up in the measurements. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Precipitation:Rain EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Microwave:Brightness Temperature CRS:84 -180 180 -45 45 2005-08-26T22:45Z/2005-08-30T22:45Z/PT5M text/plain text/html 3248_22701_bg The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation builds up four days of global TMI 85 GHz measurements. Hurricane Katrina was in the Gulf of Mexico at the time and clearly shows up in the measurements. This image can be composited with the previous animation. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Precipitation:Rain EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Microwave:Brightness Temperature CRS:84 -180 180 -45 45 text/plain text/html The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation builds up four days of global TMI 85 GHz measurements. Hurricane Katrina was in the Gulf of Mexico at the time and clearly shows up in the measurements. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Precipitation:Rain EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Microwave:Brightness Temperature image/png text/plain text/html 3247_22695 The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation builds up four days of global TMI 85 GHz measurements. Hurricane Katrina was in the Gulf of Mexico at the time and clearly shows up in the measurements. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Precipitation:Rain EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Microwave:Brightness Temperature CRS:84 -180 180 -45 45 2005-08-26T22:45Z/2005-08-30T22:45Z/PT5M text/plain text/html 3247_22695_bg The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation builds up four days of global TMI 85 GHz measurements. Hurricane Katrina was in the Gulf of Mexico at the time and clearly shows up in the measurements. This image can be composited with the previous animation. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Precipitation:Rain EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Microwave:Brightness Temperature CRS:84 -180 180 -45 45 text/plain text/html The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation shows four days of TMI 85 GHz measurements, one orbit at a time. Hurricane Katrina was in the Gulf of Mexico at the time and clearly shows up in the measurements. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Precipitation:Rain EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Microwave:Brightness Temperature image/png text/plain text/html 3243_22680 The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation shows four days of TMI 85 GHz measurements, one orbit at a time. Hurricane Katrina was in the Gulf of Mexico at the time and clearly shows up in the measurements. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Precipitation:Rain EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Microwave:Brightness Temperature CRS:84 -180 180 -45 45 2005-08-26T22:45Z/2005-08-30T22:45Z/PT5M text/plain text/html 3243_22680_bg The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation shows four days of TMI 85 GHz measurements, one orbit at a time. Hurricane Katrina was in the Gulf of Mexico at the time and clearly shows up in the measurements. This image can be composited with the previous animation. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Precipitation:Rain EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Microwave:Brightness Temperature CRS:84 -180 180 -45 45 text/plain text/html The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation shows four days of TMI 85 GHz measurements, one orbit at a time. Hurricane Katrina was in the Gulf of Mexico at the time and clearly shows up in the measurements. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Precipitation:Rain EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Microwave:Brightness Temperature image/png text/plain text/html 3242_22674 The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation shows four days of TMI 85 GHz measurements, one orbit at a time. Hurricane Katrina was in the Gulf of Mexico at the time and clearly shows up in the measurements. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Precipitation:Rain EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Microwave:Brightness Temperature CRS:84 -180 180 -45 45 2005-08-26T22:45Z/2005-08-30T22:45Z/PT5M text/plain text/html 3242_22674_bg The TMI instrument on the TRMM satellite measures microwaves emitted from the Earth's land and water. By comparing emission from different microwave frequencies, the characteristics of ice and water in the atmosphere can be determined. For example, 85 GHz microwaves are scattered by ice crystals in tropical cyclones, making cyclone rain bands appear 'colder' than the surrounding areas. By comparing 85 GHz temperatures in different polarizations with other frequency band measurements, accurate measurements of rainfall in the atmosphere can be made. This animation shows four days of TMI 85 GHz measurements, one orbit at a time. Hurricane Katrina was in the Gulf of Mexico at the time and clearly shows up in the measurements. This image can be composited with the previous animation. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Precipitation:Rain EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Microwave:Brightness Temperature CRS:84 -180 180 -45 45 text/plain text/html 3240_24673 This visualization shows the cold water trail left by Hurricane Katrina. The data is from August 23 through 30, 2005. The colors on the ocean represent the sea surface temperatures, and satellite images of the hurricane clouds are laid over the temperatures to clearly show the hurricane positions. Orange and red depict regions that are 82 degrees F and higher, where the ocean is warm enough for hurricanes to form. Hurricane winds are sustained by the heat energy of the ocean, so the ocean is cooled as the hurricane passes and the energy is extracted to power the winds. The sea surface temperatures are 3-day moving averages based on the AMSR-E instrument on the Aqua satellite, while the cloud images were taken by the Imager on the GOES-12 satellite. Atmospheric science Hurricane EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Hydrological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Oceans:Ocean Temperature:Sea Surface Temperature CRS:84 -100 -60 10 50 2005-08-23T08:45Z/2005-08-30T08:45Z/PT3H image/png text/plain 3239_24672 This animation shows rain accumulation from Hurricane Katrina from August 23 through 30, 2005 based on data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis. Satellite cloud data from NOAA/GOES is overlaid for context. The accumulation is shown in colors ranging from green (less than 30 mm of rain) through red (80 mm or more). The TRMM satellite, using the world's only spaceborne rain radar and other microwave instruments, measures rainfall over the ocean. Natural hazards Rainfall EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Clouds EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Clouds:Cloud Amount/Frequency EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -100 -60 10 50 2005-08-23T08:45Z/2005-08-30T08:45Z/PT3H image/png text/plain Low earth-orbiting satellites, such as Aqua and Terra, usually see any place on Earth no more than once a day. This sequence of color images from the MODIS instruments on Aqua and Terra shows the progression of Hurricane Katrina, from August 24 to August 31, 2005, whenever one of the two instruments captured the hurricane. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards image/png text/plain 3238_23161 Low earth-orbiting satellites, such as Aqua and Terra, usually see any place on Earth no more than once a day. This sequence of color images from the MODIS instruments on Aqua and Terra shows the progression of Hurricane Katrina, from August 24 to August 31, 2005, whenever one of the two instruments captured the hurricane. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -101.0542 -63.5523 14.362 55.5656 text/plain 3238_23161 Low earth-orbiting satellites, such as Aqua and Terra, usually see any place on Earth no more than once a day. This sequence of color images from the MODIS instruments on Aqua and Terra shows the progression of Hurricane Katrina, from August 24 to August 31, 2005, whenever one of the two instruments captured the hurricane. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -101.0542 -63.5523 14.362 55.5656 TIME(2005-08-24T15:50Z)XMIN(-81.9448)YMIN(19.0534)XMAX(-68.0533)YMAX(28.9458)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2005-08-25T16:30Z)XMIN(-90.293)YMIN(19.3493)XMAX(-73.7076)YMAX(32.6478)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2005-08-26T18:45Z)XMIN(-89.9448)YMIN(14.905)XMAX(-76.0534)YMAX(31.0929)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2005-08-27T16:20Z)XMIN(-90.9448)YMIN(16.906)XMAX(-77.0534)YMAX(33.0939)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2005-08-28T17:00Z)XMIN(-101.0542)YMIN(14.362)XMAX(-80.5445)YMAX(35.6374)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2005-08-29T19:15Z)XMIN(-98.6447)YMIN(20.4322)XMAX(-79.9538)YMAX(41.5655)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2005-08-30T16:45Z)XMIN(-98.6447)YMIN(20.4322)XMAX(-79.9538)YMAX(41.5655)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2005-08-31T15:50Z)XMIN(-86.4449)YMIN(34.4307)XMAX(-63.5523)YMAX(55.5656)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3238_22718_705010 Low earth-orbiting satellites, such as Aqua and Terra, usually see any place on Earth no more than once a day. This sequence of color images from the MODIS instruments on Aqua and Terra shows the progression of Hurricane Katrina, from August 24 to August 31, 2005, whenever one of the two instruments captured the hurricane. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -81.9448 -68.0533 19.0534 28.9458 2005-08-24T15:50Z TIME(2005-08-24T15:50Z)XMIN(-81.9448)YMIN(19.0534)XMAX(-68.0533)YMAX(28.9458)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3238_22718_705011 Low earth-orbiting satellites, such as Aqua and Terra, usually see any place on Earth no more than once a day. This sequence of color images from the MODIS instruments on Aqua and Terra shows the progression of Hurricane Katrina, from August 24 to August 31, 2005, whenever one of the two instruments captured the hurricane. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -90.293 -73.7076 19.3493 32.6478 2005-08-25T16:30Z TIME(2005-08-25T16:30Z)XMIN(-90.293)YMIN(19.3493)XMAX(-73.7076)YMAX(32.6478)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3238_22718_705012 Low earth-orbiting satellites, such as Aqua and Terra, usually see any place on Earth no more than once a day. This sequence of color images from the MODIS instruments on Aqua and Terra shows the progression of Hurricane Katrina, from August 24 to August 31, 2005, whenever one of the two instruments captured the hurricane. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -89.9448 -76.0534 14.905 31.0929 2005-08-26T18:45Z TIME(2005-08-26T18:45Z)XMIN(-89.9448)YMIN(14.905)XMAX(-76.0534)YMAX(31.0929)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3238_22718_705013 Low earth-orbiting satellites, such as Aqua and Terra, usually see any place on Earth no more than once a day. This sequence of color images from the MODIS instruments on Aqua and Terra shows the progression of Hurricane Katrina, from August 24 to August 31, 2005, whenever one of the two instruments captured the hurricane. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -90.9448 -77.0534 16.906 33.0939 2005-08-27T16:20Z TIME(2005-08-27T16:20Z)XMIN(-90.9448)YMIN(16.906)XMAX(-77.0534)YMAX(33.0939)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3238_22718_705014 Low earth-orbiting satellites, such as Aqua and Terra, usually see any place on Earth no more than once a day. This sequence of color images from the MODIS instruments on Aqua and Terra shows the progression of Hurricane Katrina, from August 24 to August 31, 2005, whenever one of the two instruments captured the hurricane. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -101.0542 -80.5445 14.362 35.6374 2005-08-28T17:00Z TIME(2005-08-28T17:00Z)XMIN(-101.0542)YMIN(14.362)XMAX(-80.5445)YMAX(35.6374)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3238_22718_705015 Low earth-orbiting satellites, such as Aqua and Terra, usually see any place on Earth no more than once a day. This sequence of color images from the MODIS instruments on Aqua and Terra shows the progression of Hurricane Katrina, from August 24 to August 31, 2005, whenever one of the two instruments captured the hurricane. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -98.6447 -79.9538 20.4322 41.5655 2005-08-29T19:15Z TIME(2005-08-29T19:15Z)XMIN(-98.6447)YMIN(20.4322)XMAX(-79.9538)YMAX(41.5655)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3238_22718_705016 Low earth-orbiting satellites, such as Aqua and Terra, usually see any place on Earth no more than once a day. This sequence of color images from the MODIS instruments on Aqua and Terra shows the progression of Hurricane Katrina, from August 24 to August 31, 2005, whenever one of the two instruments captured the hurricane. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -98.6447 -79.9538 20.4322 41.5655 2005-08-30T16:45Z TIME(2005-08-30T16:45Z)XMIN(-98.6447)YMIN(20.4322)XMAX(-79.9538)YMAX(41.5655)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3238_22718_705017 Low earth-orbiting satellites, such as Aqua and Terra, usually see any place on Earth no more than once a day. This sequence of color images from the MODIS instruments on Aqua and Terra shows the progression of Hurricane Katrina, from August 24 to August 31, 2005, whenever one of the two instruments captured the hurricane. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -86.4449 -63.5523 34.4307 55.5656 2005-08-31T15:50Z TIME(2005-08-31T15:50Z)XMIN(-86.4449)YMIN(34.4307)XMAX(-63.5523)YMAX(55.5656)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3237_22569 The GOES-12 satellite sits at 75 degrees west longitude at an altitude of 36,000 kilometers over the equator, in geosynchronous orbit. At this position its Imager instrument takes pictures of cloud patterns in several wavelengths for all of North and South America, a primary measurement used in weather forecasting. The Imager takes a pattern of pictures of parts of the Earth in several wavelengths all day, measurements that are vital in weather forcasting. This animation shows a four-day sequence of GOES-12 images in the longwave infrared wavelengths, from 10.2 to 11.2 microns, during the period that Hurricane Katrina passed through the Gulf of Mexico. This wavelength band is the most common one for observing cloud motions and severe storms throughout the day and night. Note that most of the images are taken over the United States (about every 5 minutes) with full disk images every 3 hours and several specific images over South America every day. In this animation, new images are placed over old images rather than replacing them, so different parts of the image update at different times as measurements are taken. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Infrared Wavelengths:Infrared Imagery EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Sensor Characteristics:Viewing Geometry CRS:84 -152.56 2.56 -77.55 77.25 2005-08-26T23:45Z/2005-08-30T23:45Z/PT5M image/png text/plain text/html 3236_22547 The GOES-12 satellite sits at 75 degrees west longitude at an altitude of 36,000 kilometers over the equator, in geosynchronous orbit. At this position its Imager instrument takes pictures of cloud patterns in several wavelengths for all of North and South America, a primary measurement used in weather forecasting. The Imager takes a pattern of pictures of parts of the Earth in several wavelengths all day, measurements that are vital in weather forecasting. This animation shows a four-day sequence of GOES-12 images in the longwave infrared wavelengths, from 10.2 to 11.2 microns, during the period that Hurricane Katrina passed through the Gulf of Mexico. This wavelength band is the most common one for observing cloud motions and severe storms throughout the day and night. Note that most of the images are taken over the United States (about every 5 minutes) with full disk images every 3 hours and several specific images over South America every day. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Infrared Wavelengths:Infrared Imagery EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Sensor Characteristics:Viewing Geometry CRS:84 -152.56 2.56 -77.55 77.25 2005-08-26T23:45Z/2005-08-30T23:45Z/PT5M image/png text/plain text/html 3235_22556 The GOES-10 satellite sits at 135 degrees west longitude at an altitude of 36,000 kilometers over the equator, in geosynchronous orbit. At this position its Imager instrument takes pictures of cloud patterns in several wavelengths for the Pacific Ocean, a primary measurement used in weather forecasting. Every three hours the Imager takes a picture of the full disk of the Earth. This animation shows a sequence of these full disk images in the longwave infrared wavelengths, from 10.2 to 11.2 microns, during the period that Hurricane Katrina passed through the Gulf of Mexico. This wavelength band is the most common one for observing cloud motions and severe storms throughout the day and night. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Infrared Wavelengths:Infrared Imagery EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Sensor Characteristics:Viewing Geometry CRS:84 145.81 -55.81 -79.22 79.13 2005-08-23T21:00Z/2005-08-24T06:00Z/PT3H,2005-08-24T12:00Z/2005-08-25T06:00Z/PT3H,2005-08-25T12:00Z/2005-08-26T06:00Z/PT3H,2005-08-26T12:00Z/2005-08-27T06:00Z/PT3H,2005-08-27T12:00Z/2005-08-28T06:00Z/PT3H,2005-08-28T12:00Z/2005-08-29T06:00Z/PT3H,2005-08-29T12:00Z/2005-08-30T06:00Z/PT3H,2005-08-30T12:00Z/2005-08-31T06:00Z/PT3H image/png text/plain text/html 3234_22542 The GOES-12 satellite sits at 75 degrees west longitude at an altitude of 36,000 kilometers over the equator, in geosynchronous orbit. At this position its Imager instrument takes pictures of cloud patterns in several wavelengths for all of North and South America, a primary measurement used in weather forecasting. Every three hours the Imager takes a picture of the full disk of the Earth. This animation shows a sequence of these full disk images in the wavelength band from 12.9 to 13.8 microns, during the period that Hurricane Katrina passed through the Gulf of Mexico. This wavelength band is useful for determining cloud characteristics such as cloud top pressure. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Infrared Wavelengths:Infrared Imagery EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Sensor Characteristics:Viewing Geometry CRS:84 -154.19 4.18 -79.12 79.22 2005-08-23T08:45Z/2005-08-24T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-24T08:45Z/2005-08-25T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-25T08:45Z/2005-08-26T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-26T08:45Z/2005-08-27T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-27T08:45Z/2005-08-28T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-28T08:45Z/2005-08-29T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-29T08:45Z/2005-08-30T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-30T08:45Z/2005-08-31T02:45Z/PT3H image/png text/plain text/html 3233_22537 The GOES-12 satellite sits at 75 degrees west longitude at an altitude of 36,000 kilometers over the equator, in geosynchronous orbit. At this position its Imager instrument takes pictures of cloud patterns in several wavelengths for all of North and South America, a primary measurement used in weather forecasting. Every three hours the Imager takes a picture of the full disk of the Earth. This animation shows a sequence of these full disk images in the longwave infrared wavelengths, from 10.2 to 11.2 microns, during the period that Hurricane Katrina passed through the Gulf of Mexico. This wavelength band is the most common one for observing cloud motions and severe storms throughout the day and night. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Infrared Wavelengths:Infrared Imagery EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Sensor Characteristics:Viewing Geometry CRS:84 -154.19 4.18 -79.12 79.22 2005-08-23T08:45Z/2005-08-24T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-24T08:45Z/2005-08-25T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-25T08:45Z/2005-08-26T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-26T08:45Z/2005-08-27T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-27T08:45Z/2005-08-28T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-28T08:45Z/2005-08-29T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-29T08:45Z/2005-08-30T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-30T08:45Z/2005-08-31T02:45Z/PT3H image/png text/plain text/html 3232_22532 The GOES-12 satellite sits at 75 degrees west longitude at an altitude of 36,000 kilometers over the equator, in geosynchronous orbit. At this position its Imager instrument takes pictures of cloud patterns in several wavelengths for all of North and South America, a primary measurement used in weather forecasting. Every three hours the Imager takes a picture of the full disk of the Earth. This animation shows a sequence of these full disk images in the 6.47 to 7.02 micron wavelength band, during the period that Hurricane Katrina passed through the Gulf of Mexico. This wavelength band is useful for estimating mid-level water vapor content and for observing atmospheric motion in that level. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Infrared Wavelengths:Infrared Imagery EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Sensor Characteristics:Viewing Geometry CRS:84 -154.19 4.18 -79.12 79.22 2005-08-23T08:45Z/2005-08-24T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-24T08:45Z/2005-08-25T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-25T08:45Z/2005-08-26T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-26T08:45Z/2005-08-27T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-27T08:45Z/2005-08-28T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-28T08:45Z/2005-08-29T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-29T08:45Z/2005-08-30T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-30T08:45Z/2005-08-31T02:45Z/PT3H image/png text/plain text/html 3231_22527 The GOES-12 satellite sits at 75 degrees west longitude at an altitude of 36,000 kilometers over the equator, in geosynchronous orbit. At this position its Imager instrument takes pictures of cloud patterns in several wavelengths for all of North and South America, a primary measurement used in weather forecasting. Every three hours the Imager takes a picture of the full disk of the Earth. This animation shows a sequence of these full disk images in the shortwave infrared wavelengths, 3.78 to 4.03 microns, during the period that Hurricane Katrina passed through the Gulf of Mexico. This wavelength band shows the day-night cycle, and is useful for identifying fog at night and discriminating between water clouds and snow or ice clouds during the daytime. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Infrared Wavelengths:Infrared Imagery EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Sensor Characteristics:Viewing Geometry CRS:84 -154.19 4.18 -79.12 79.22 2005-08-23T08:45Z/2005-08-24T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-24T08:45Z/2005-08-25T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-25T08:45Z/2005-08-26T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-26T08:45Z/2005-08-27T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-27T08:45Z/2005-08-28T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-28T08:45Z/2005-08-29T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-29T08:45Z/2005-08-30T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-30T08:45Z/2005-08-31T02:45Z/PT3H image/png text/plain text/html 3230_22515 The GOES-12 satellite sits at 75 degrees west longitude at an altitude of 36,000 kilometers over the equator, in geosynchronous orbit. At this position its Imager instrument takes pictures of cloud patterns in several wavelengths for all of North and South America, a primary measurement used in weather forecasting. Every three hours the Imager takes a picture of the full disk of the Earth. This animation shows a sequence of these full disk images in the visible wavelengths, 0.52 to 0.72 microns, during the period that Hurricane Katrina passed through the Gulf of Mexico. This wavelength band clearly shows the day-night cycle since the Earth is dark at night in the visible wavelengths. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Sensor Characteristics:Viewing Geometry EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Visible Wavelengths:Visible Imagery CRS:84 -154.19 4.18 -79.12 79.22 2005-08-23T08:45Z/2005-08-24T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-24T08:45Z/2005-08-25T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-25T08:45Z/2005-08-26T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-26T08:45Z/2005-08-27T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-27T08:45Z/2005-08-28T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-28T08:45Z/2005-08-29T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-29T08:45Z/2005-08-30T02:45Z/PT3H,2005-08-30T08:45Z/2005-08-31T02:45Z/PT3H image/png text/plain text/html 3216_22510 The GOES-12 satellite sits at 75 degrees west longitude at an altitude of 36,000 kilometers over the equator, in geosynchronous orbit. At this position its Imager instrument takes pictures of cloud patterns in several wavelengths for all of North and South America, a primary measurement used in weather forecasting. The Imager takes a pattern of pictures of parts of the Earth in several wavelengths all day, measurements that are vital in weather forecasting. This animation shows a four-day sequence of GOES-12 images in the longwave infrared wavelengths, from 10.2 to 11.2 microns, during the period that Hurricane Katrina passed through the Gulf of Mexico. This wavelength band is the most common one for observing cloud motions and severe storms throughout the day and night. Since GOES-12 takes images most often over the United States (every 5 to 10 minutes), the motion of the clouds in this close-up of the southeast US is very smooth. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Spectral/Engineering:Infrared Wavelengths:Infrared Imagery CRS:84 -100 -70 15 45 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image/png text/plain text/html 3210_22210 Water vapor is a small but significant constituent of the atmosphere, warming the planet due to the greenhouse effect and condensing to form clouds. As moisture-laden air rises, the relative humidity increases until it saturates the air, at which time precipitation occurs. If the uplift of air is due to large-scale atmospheric motion, then the precipitation is called large-scale, or dynamic. This animation shows the large-scale precipitation for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. Large-scale precipitation tends to be continuous and to come from decks of stratus clouds rather than from thunderstorms. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Typhoons EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Water Vapor:Precipitable Water EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards Location:Global Hurricane Frances CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2004-09-01T03Z/2004-09-06T00Z/PT3H image/png text/plain 3209_22204 Water vapor is a small but significant constituent of the atmosphere, warming the planet due to the greenhouse effect and condensing to form clouds. As moisture-laden air rises, the relative humidity increases until it saturates the air, at which time precipitation occurs. If the uplift of air is due to strong updrafts and unstable air systems, as in thunderstorms, then the precipitation is called convective. This animation shows the convective precipitation for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. Convective precipitation is more intense but less long-lasting than large-scale precipitation. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Typhoons EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Precipitation:Precipitation Rate EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards Location:Global Hurricane Frances CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2004-09-01T03Z/2004-09-06T00Z/PT3H image/png text/plain 3208_22198 Water vapor is a small but significant constituent of the atmosphere, warming the planet due to the greenhouse effect and condensing to form clouds which both warm and cool the Earth in different circumstances. Warm, moisture-laden air moving out from the tropics brings clouds and rainfall to the temperate zones. This animation shows the cloud cover for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. The cloud cover in any region significantly affects the energy balance since sunlight reflected from the clouds is not available to heat the surface. The motion of clouds in this animation clearly indicates the speed and direction of winds around the globe. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Typhoons EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Clouds:Cloud Amount/Frequency EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards Location:Global Hurricane Frances CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2004-09-01T03Z/2004-09-06T00Z/PT3H image/png text/plain 3207_22192 The Earth's atmosphere exerts pressure based on the weight of the air above, so the pressure reduces with rising altitude. This rate of pressure reduction with altitude is based on the temperature of the air, with the pressure of colder air reducing faster with altitude than warmer air. Therefore, a surface of constant pressure has a lower altitude at the poles than the equator. This animation shows the altitude above sea level (the geopotential height) of the 300 hectopascal (hPa) pressure surface for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. This pressure is about one-third of the normal pressure at sea level. The largest downward slope of this surface occurs in the mid-latitudes and is shown in yellow in the animation. At this region, air is trying to flow from the equator towards the poles to reduce the slope, but the rotation of the Earth forces the flow to divert to the east, forming the strong west-to-east jet stream flows in these regions. Frances and Songda can be seen as sharp yellow dots of reduced height in their respective locations. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Altitude:Geopotential Height EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Typhoons EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards Location:Global Hurricane Frances CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2004-09-01T03Z/2004-09-06T00Z/PT3H image/png text/plain 3203_22161 The Earth's atmosphere exerts pressure based on the weight of the air above. Differences in pressure from place-to-place cause winds to try to flow from high pressure to low pressure regions to even out the differences, but the Earth's rotation and wind friction with the surface act to slow or divert the winds. This animation shows the high altitude wind speeds for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. At high altitudes, the difference between between high pressures from warm tropical air and low pressures from cold polar air try to force air from the tropics toward the poles, but the Earth's rotation diverts this flow to the east, resulting in the high velocity west-to-east jet stream flows at mid-latitudes. The circular flows from Frances and Songda can barely be seen at this altitude. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Typhoons EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Winds:Upper Level Winds EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards Location:Global Hurricane Frances CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2004-09-01T03Z/2004-09-06T00Z/PT3H image/png text/plain 3202_22146 Water vapor is a small but significant constituent of the atmosphere, warming the planet due to the greenhouse effect and condensing to form clouds which both warm and cool the Earth in different circumstances. Warm, moisture-laden air moving out from the tropics brings rainfall to the temperate zones. This animation shows the atmospheric water vapor for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. The band of water vapor over the tropics is the intertropical convergence zone, where converging trade winds and high temperatures force large amounts of water high into the atmosphere. Both Hurricane Frances and Typhoon Songda exhibit significant spiral bands of high water vapor. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Typhoons EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Water Vapor:Precipitable Water EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards Location:Global Hurricane Frances CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2004-09-01T03Z/2004-09-06T00Z/PT3H image/png text/plain 3201_22141 The weight of the Earth's atmosphere exerts pressure on the surface of the Earth. This pressure varies from place-to-place and from time-to-time due to surface irregularities, uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, and the Earth's rotation. Differences in pressure from place-to-place cause winds to try to flow from high pressure to low pressure regions to even out the differences, but the Earth's rotation and wind friction with the surface act to slow or divert the winds. This animation shows the surface wind speeds for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. The highest, smoothest winds occur over the oceans where there are no surface irregularities to break up the flow, while flows over land tend to be irregular and highly variable. The highest winds occur in Hurricane Frances and Typhoon Songda, but note that the hurricane's wind speeds reduce dramatically when crossing Florida. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Typhoons EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Winds:Surface Winds EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards Location:Global Hurricane Frances CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2004-09-01T03Z/2004-09-06T00Z/PT3H image/png text/plain Emily was a record-setting storm for many reasons. When it formed on July 11, Emily became the earliest fifth named storm on record. As it moved through the Caribbean, Emily intensified into a powerful Category 4 storm with winds over 250 kilometers per hour (150 mph) and gusts as high as 300 kilometers per hour (184 mph), making it the most powerful storm to form before August. The previous record was set by Hurricane Dennis, which ripped through the Caribbean during the first week of July 2005. Emily's Category 4 status also made 2005 the only year to produce two Category 4 storms before the end of July. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards image/png text/plain text/html 3200_22107 Emily was a record-setting storm for many reasons. When it formed on July 11, Emily became the earliest fifth named storm on record. As it moved through the Caribbean, Emily intensified into a powerful Category 4 storm with winds over 250 kilometers per hour (150 mph) and gusts as high as 300 kilometers per hour (184 mph), making it the most powerful storm to form before August. The previous record was set by Hurricane Dennis, which ripped through the Caribbean during the first week of July 2005. Emily's Category 4 status also made 2005 the only year to produce two Category 4 storms before the end of July. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -105.3448 -70.4808 8.9033 34.0921 text/plain text/html 3200_22107 Emily was a record-setting storm for many reasons. When it formed on July 11, Emily became the earliest fifth named storm on record. As it moved through the Caribbean, Emily intensified into a powerful Category 4 storm with winds over 250 kilometers per hour (150 mph) and gusts as high as 300 kilometers per hour (184 mph), making it the most powerful storm to form before August. The previous record was set by Hurricane Dennis, which ripped through the Caribbean during the first week of July 2005. Emily's Category 4 status also made 2005 the only year to produce two Category 4 storms before the end of July. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -105.3448 -70.4808 8.9033 34.0921 TIME(2005-07-16T15:45Z)XMIN(-83.5162)YMIN(8.9033)XMAX(-70.4808)YMAX(25.0922)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2005-07-17T16:25Z)XMIN(-91.6981)YMIN(9.9043)XMAX(-78.2995)YMAX(26.0927)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2005-07-18T17:10Z)XMIN(-101.3208)YMIN(13.5513)XMAX(-83.279)YMAX(32.4454)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2005-07-19T19:20Z)XMIN(-100.2006)YMIN(16.8039)XMAX(-87.7963)YMAX(31.1941)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2005-07-20T20:05Z)XMIN(-105.3448)YMIN(17.9042)XMAX(-91.4534)YMAX(34.0921)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain text/html 3200_22108_648221 Emily was a record-setting storm for many reasons. When it formed on July 11, Emily became the earliest fifth named storm on record. As it moved through the Caribbean, Emily intensified into a powerful Category 4 storm with winds over 250 kilometers per hour (150 mph) and gusts as high as 300 kilometers per hour (184 mph), making it the most powerful storm to form before August. The previous record was set by Hurricane Dennis, which ripped through the Caribbean during the first week of July 2005. Emily's Category 4 status also made 2005 the only year to produce two Category 4 storms before the end of July. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -83.5162 -70.4808 8.9033 25.0922 2005-07-16T15:45Z TIME(2005-07-16T15:45Z)XMIN(-83.5162)YMIN(8.9033)XMAX(-70.4808)YMAX(25.0922)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain text/html 3200_22108_648222 Emily was a record-setting storm for many reasons. When it formed on July 11, Emily became the earliest fifth named storm on record. As it moved through the Caribbean, Emily intensified into a powerful Category 4 storm with winds over 250 kilometers per hour (150 mph) and gusts as high as 300 kilometers per hour (184 mph), making it the most powerful storm to form before August. The previous record was set by Hurricane Dennis, which ripped through the Caribbean during the first week of July 2005. Emily's Category 4 status also made 2005 the only year to produce two Category 4 storms before the end of July. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -91.6981 -78.2995 9.9043 26.0927 2005-07-17T16:25Z TIME(2005-07-17T16:25Z)XMIN(-91.6981)YMIN(9.9043)XMAX(-78.2995)YMAX(26.0927)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain text/html 3200_22108_648223 Emily was a record-setting storm for many reasons. When it formed on July 11, Emily became the earliest fifth named storm on record. As it moved through the Caribbean, Emily intensified into a powerful Category 4 storm with winds over 250 kilometers per hour (150 mph) and gusts as high as 300 kilometers per hour (184 mph), making it the most powerful storm to form before August. The previous record was set by Hurricane Dennis, which ripped through the Caribbean during the first week of July 2005. Emily's Category 4 status also made 2005 the only year to produce two Category 4 storms before the end of July. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -101.3208 -83.279 13.5513 32.4454 2005-07-18T17:10Z TIME(2005-07-18T17:10Z)XMIN(-101.3208)YMIN(13.5513)XMAX(-83.279)YMAX(32.4454)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain text/html 3200_22108_648224 Emily was a record-setting storm for many reasons. When it formed on July 11, Emily became the earliest fifth named storm on record. As it moved through the Caribbean, Emily intensified into a powerful Category 4 storm with winds over 250 kilometers per hour (150 mph) and gusts as high as 300 kilometers per hour (184 mph), making it the most powerful storm to form before August. The previous record was set by Hurricane Dennis, which ripped through the Caribbean during the first week of July 2005. Emily's Category 4 status also made 2005 the only year to produce two Category 4 storms before the end of July. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -100.2006 -87.7963 16.8039 31.1941 2005-07-19T19:20Z TIME(2005-07-19T19:20Z)XMIN(-100.2006)YMIN(16.8039)XMAX(-87.7963)YMAX(31.1941)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain text/html 3200_22108_648225 Emily was a record-setting storm for many reasons. When it formed on July 11, Emily became the earliest fifth named storm on record. As it moved through the Caribbean, Emily intensified into a powerful Category 4 storm with winds over 250 kilometers per hour (150 mph) and gusts as high as 300 kilometers per hour (184 mph), making it the most powerful storm to form before August. The previous record was set by Hurricane Dennis, which ripped through the Caribbean during the first week of July 2005. Emily's Category 4 status also made 2005 the only year to produce two Category 4 storms before the end of July. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -105.3448 -91.4534 17.9042 34.0921 2005-07-20T20:05Z TIME(2005-07-20T20:05Z)XMIN(-105.3448)YMIN(17.9042)XMAX(-91.4534)YMAX(34.0921)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain text/html 3199_22125 As the Sun's energy reaches the Earth, it is either reflected, absorbed by the clouds, or absorbed by the Earth's surface. The part absorbed by the surface heats the Earth, which causes surface water to evaporate to the air, particularly over oceans or moist land. Similarly, a cold surface causes water to condense from the air onto the land or ocean. Latent heat flux is the amount of energy moving from the surface to the air due to evapolation (positive values) or from the air to the land due to condensation (negative values). This animation shows the latent heat flux for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. The animation clearly shows the evaporation over land only during the heat of the day, while the evaporation over the ocean is continuous throughout the day. The highest positive latent heat flux occurs during hurricanes and typhoons, as these events are powered by the movement of heat energy from the warm ocean to the atmosphere, seen here in Hurricane Frances and Typhoon Songda. Significant negative latent heat flux is somewhat rare and occurs over the ocean only during certain configurations of air and surface conditions. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Typhoons EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Heat Flux EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards Location:Global Hurricane Frances CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2004-09-01T03Z/2004-09-06T00Z/PT3H image/png text/plain 3198_22136 As the Sun's energy reaches the Earth, it is either reflected, absorbed by the clouds, or absorbed by the Earth's surface. The part absorbed by the Earth's surface heats the Earth, which then heats the air just above the surface. This process occurs rapidly in the case of dry land and slowly in the case of the oceans. This animation shows the surface air temperature at an altitude of 2 meters for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. The animation clearly shows the air over land reacting rapidly to solar heating during the day and cooling at night, while the daily solar cyle is not visible in the temperature of the air over the ocean. A very dynamic region of changing air temperature is visible in the interaction between the cold air over Antarctica and the warmer mid-latitude air over the southern oceans during this region of polar night. Hurricane Frances and Typhhon Songda are just barely visible as circulating temperature patterns in the western Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Typhoons EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Temperature:Surface Air Temperature EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards Location:Global Hurricane Frances CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2004-09-01T03Z/2004-09-06T00Z/PT3H image/png text/plain 3197_22130 The weight of the Earth's atmosphere exerts pressure on the surface of the Earth. This pressure varies from place-to-place due the variations in the Earth's surface since higher altitudes have less atmosphere above them than lower altitudes. Atmospheric pressure also varies from time-to-time due to the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun and the rotation of the Earth, causing weather. This animation shows the atmospheric surface pressure for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. The major changes in pressure occur over land where the surface altitude varies, but the sharp, moving low pressures areas for Frances and Songda can be clearly seen in the oceans. Since changing surface pressure areas over land are hard to see in these images due to the strong altitude variations, plots of the atmospheric surface pressure are almost never used to study the weather. A different plot, of sea-level pressure, is used instead. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Typhoons EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Pressure:Surface Pressure EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards Location:Global Hurricane Frances CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2004-09-01T03Z/2004-09-06T00Z/PT3H image/png text/plain The formation of Hurricane Dennis on July 5 made that the earliest date on record that four named storms formed in the Atlantic basin. Dennis proved to be a powerful and destructive storm in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. It crossed over Cuba on July 8 and 9, leaving at least 10 dead, and caused additional deaths in Haiti. After re-emerging over open water, Dennis re-strengthened into a dangerous Category 4 hurricane with top wind speeds of 233 kilometers per hour (145 mph). The storm passed within 90 kilometers (55 miles) of Pensacola, Florida, and hit land about 80 kilometers (50 miles) east of where Hurricane Ivan struck in September, 2004. A large storm surge of more than 10 feet was created in certain areas, and many homes and businesses in low-lying areas were flooded. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards image/png text/plain text/html 3194_22037 The formation of Hurricane Dennis on July 5 made that the earliest date on record that four named storms formed in the Atlantic basin. Dennis proved to be a powerful and destructive storm in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. It crossed over Cuba on July 8 and 9, leaving at least 10 dead, and caused additional deaths in Haiti. After re-emerging over open water, Dennis re-strengthened into a dangerous Category 4 hurricane with top wind speeds of 233 kilometers per hour (145 mph). The storm passed within 90 kilometers (55 miles) of Pensacola, Florida, and hit land about 80 kilometers (50 miles) east of where Hurricane Ivan struck in September, 2004. A large storm surge of more than 10 feet was created in certain areas, and many homes and businesses in low-lying areas were flooded. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -95.7348 -62.7839 8.9033 42.149 text/plain text/html 3194_22037 The formation of Hurricane Dennis on July 5 made that the earliest date on record that four named storms formed in the Atlantic basin. Dennis proved to be a powerful and destructive storm in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. It crossed over Cuba on July 8 and 9, leaving at least 10 dead, and caused additional deaths in Haiti. After re-emerging over open water, Dennis re-strengthened into a dangerous Category 4 hurricane with top wind speeds of 233 kilometers per hour (145 mph). The storm passed within 90 kilometers (55 miles) of Pensacola, Florida, and hit land about 80 kilometers (50 miles) east of where Hurricane Ivan struck in September, 2004. A large storm surge of more than 10 feet was created in certain areas, and many homes and businesses in low-lying areas were flooded. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -95.7348 -62.7839 8.9033 42.149 TIME(2005-07-06T15:05Z)XMIN(-77.2144)YMIN(9.6031)XMAX(-62.7839)YMAX(20.3955)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2005-07-07T15:50Z)XMIN(-82.0162)YMIN(8.9033)XMAX(-68.9808)YMAX(25.0922)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2005-07-09T18:45Z)XMIN(-94.9706)YMIN(14.4642)XMAX(-73.0268)YMAX(37.5326)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2005-07-10T16:15Z)XMIN(-95.7348)YMIN(19.589)XMAX(-73.0861)YMAX(42.149)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain text/html 3194_22032_645548 The formation of Hurricane Dennis on July 5 made that the earliest date on record that four named storms formed in the Atlantic basin. Dennis proved to be a powerful and destructive storm in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. It crossed over Cuba on July 8 and 9, leaving at least 10 dead, and caused additional deaths in Haiti. After re-emerging over open water, Dennis re-strengthened into a dangerous Category 4 hurricane with top wind speeds of 233 kilometers per hour (145 mph). The storm passed within 90 kilometers (55 miles) of Pensacola, Florida, and hit land about 80 kilometers (50 miles) east of where Hurricane Ivan struck in September, 2004. A large storm surge of more than 10 feet was created in certain areas, and many homes and businesses in low-lying areas were flooded. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -77.2144 -62.7839 9.6031 20.3955 2005-07-06T15:05Z TIME(2005-07-06T15:05Z)XMIN(-77.2144)YMIN(9.6031)XMAX(-62.7839)YMAX(20.3955)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain text/html 3194_22032_645549 The formation of Hurricane Dennis on July 5 made that the earliest date on record that four named storms formed in the Atlantic basin. Dennis proved to be a powerful and destructive storm in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. It crossed over Cuba on July 8 and 9, leaving at least 10 dead, and caused additional deaths in Haiti. After re-emerging over open water, Dennis re-strengthened into a dangerous Category 4 hurricane with top wind speeds of 233 kilometers per hour (145 mph). The storm passed within 90 kilometers (55 miles) of Pensacola, Florida, and hit land about 80 kilometers (50 miles) east of where Hurricane Ivan struck in September, 2004. A large storm surge of more than 10 feet was created in certain areas, and many homes and businesses in low-lying areas were flooded. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -82.0162 -68.9808 8.9033 25.0922 2005-07-07T15:50Z TIME(2005-07-07T15:50Z)XMIN(-82.0162)YMIN(8.9033)XMAX(-68.9808)YMAX(25.0922)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain text/html 3194_22032_645550 The formation of Hurricane Dennis on July 5 made that the earliest date on record that four named storms formed in the Atlantic basin. Dennis proved to be a powerful and destructive storm in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. It crossed over Cuba on July 8 and 9, leaving at least 10 dead, and caused additional deaths in Haiti. After re-emerging over open water, Dennis re-strengthened into a dangerous Category 4 hurricane with top wind speeds of 233 kilometers per hour (145 mph). The storm passed within 90 kilometers (55 miles) of Pensacola, Florida, and hit land about 80 kilometers (50 miles) east of where Hurricane Ivan struck in September, 2004. A large storm surge of more than 10 feet was created in certain areas, and many homes and businesses in low-lying areas were flooded. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -94.9706 -73.0268 14.4642 37.5326 2005-07-09T18:45Z TIME(2005-07-09T18:45Z)XMIN(-94.9706)YMIN(14.4642)XMAX(-73.0268)YMAX(37.5326)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain text/html 3194_22032_645551 The formation of Hurricane Dennis on July 5 made that the earliest date on record that four named storms formed in the Atlantic basin. Dennis proved to be a powerful and destructive storm in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. It crossed over Cuba on July 8 and 9, leaving at least 10 dead, and caused additional deaths in Haiti. After re-emerging over open water, Dennis re-strengthened into a dangerous Category 4 hurricane with top wind speeds of 233 kilometers per hour (145 mph). The storm passed within 90 kilometers (55 miles) of Pensacola, Florida, and hit land about 80 kilometers (50 miles) east of where Hurricane Ivan struck in September, 2004. A large storm surge of more than 10 feet was created in certain areas, and many homes and businesses in low-lying areas were flooded. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -95.7348 -73.0861 19.589 42.149 2005-07-10T16:15Z TIME(2005-07-10T16:15Z)XMIN(-95.7348)YMIN(19.589)XMAX(-73.0861)YMAX(42.149)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain text/html The extent of snow and ice that covers the earth's surface in the northern hemisphere grows and shrinks with the seasons. This animations shows the average snow and ice cover for a given month over a 24-year period, 1979 - 2002. It shows how often a particular point is covered with snow in a given month. The SVS Image Server gives each particular image in the animation the last date for which the data was used in creating that image, even though each of the images covers a span of years for a particular month. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Precipitation:Snow EARTH SCIENCE:Cryosphere:Snow/Ice:Snow Cover EARTH SCIENCE:Hydrosphere:Snow/Ice:Snow Cover image/png text/plain 3185_21913 The extent of snow and ice that covers the earth's surface in the northern hemisphere grows and shrinks with the seasons. This animations shows the average snow and ice cover for a given month over a 24-year period, 1979 - 2002. It shows how often a particular point is covered with snow in a given month. The SVS Image Server gives each particular image in the animation the last date for which the data was used in creating that image, even though each of the images covers a span of years for a particular month. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Precipitation:Snow EARTH SCIENCE:Cryosphere:Snow/Ice:Snow Cover EARTH SCIENCE:Hydrosphere:Snow/Ice:Snow Cover CRS:84 -180 180 24.1 90 2002-01/2002-12/P1M text/plain 3185_21913_bg The extent of snow and ice that covers the earth's surface in the northern hemisphere grows and shrinks with the seasons. This animations shows the average snow and ice cover for a given month over a 24-year period, 1979 - 2002. It shows how often a particular point is covered with snow in a given month. The SVS Image Server gives each particular image in the animation the last date for which the data was used in creating that image, even though each of the images covers a span of years for a particular month. This image can be composited with the previous animation. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Precipitation:Snow EARTH SCIENCE:Cryosphere:Snow/Ice:Snow Cover EARTH SCIENCE:Hydrosphere:Snow/Ice:Snow Cover CRS:84 -180 180 24.1 90 text/plain 3182_22152 The weight of the Earth's atmosphere exerts pressure on the surface of the Earth. This pressure varies from place-to-place due the variations in the Earth's surface since higher altitudes have less atmosphere above them than lower altitudes. Atmospheric pressure also varies from time-to-time due to the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun and the rotation of the Earth, causing weather. In order to see the changes in pressure which affect the weather, the variation due to altitude is removed from the surface pressure, creating a quantity called sea level pressure. This animation shows the atmospheric sea level pressure for the whole globe from September 1, 2004, through September 5, 2004, during the period of Hurricane Frances in the western Atlantic Ocean and Typhoon Songda in the western Pacific Ocean. The sharp, moving low pressures areas for Frances and Songda can be clearly seen in the oceans. Even with the direct effect of altitude removed, cold high-altitude regions such as the South Pole and the Himalayan Plateau still exhibit lower-than-normal pressures, probably due to the interaction of cold air over those regions with the warmer air in the surrounding regions. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Typhoons EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Pressure:Sea Level Pressure EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards Location:Global Hurricane Frances CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2004-09-01T03Z/2004-09-06T00Z/PT3H image/png text/plain 3179_21773 The Earth's climate is determined by energy transfer from the sun to the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere. As the Earth rotates, the sun lights up only part of the Earth at a time, and some of that incoming solar energy is reflected and some is absorbed, depending on type of area it lights. The amount of reflection and absorption is critical to the climate. An instrument named CERES orbits the Earth every 99 minutes and measures the reflected solar energy. This animation shows the scene identification as measured by CERES during 29 orbits on June 20 and 21 of 2003. By comparing the incoming solar radiation with the outgoing reflected and thermal radiation, it is possible to identify the type of area being viewed, whether it be land, clouds, ocean, or ice. This scene identification is used together with the radiation flux measurements to build up a complete picture of the Earth's energy budget over time. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Reflectance EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Clouds:Cloud Reflectance EARTH SCIENCE:Cryosphere:Sea Ice:Reflectance EARTH SCIENCE:Land Surface:Surface Radiative Properties:Reflectance EARTH SCIENCE:Oceans:Ocean Heat Budget:Reflectance EARTH SCIENCE:Oceans:Sea Ice:Reflectance CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2003-06-20T02:44Z/2003-06-22T00:56Z/PT1H39M image/png text/plain text/html 3178_21767 The Earth's climate is determined by energy transfer from the sun to the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere. As the Earth rotates, the sun lights up only part of the Earth at a time, and some of that incoming solar energy is reflected and some is absorbed, depending on type of area it lights. The amount of reflection and absorption is critical to the climate. An instrument named CERES orbits the Earth every 99 minutes and measures the reflected solar energy. This animation shows the incoming solar radiation within view of CERES during 29 orbits on June 20 and 21 of 2003. Because this is incoming solar flux, its magnitude only depends on the position of the sun, and, because the orbit is synchronized with the sun, the orbit crosses the equator in the daylight at about 1:30 PM local time on every orbit. This data is not actually measured from CERES, but is calculated to compare with the outgoing radiation that CERES does measure. Note that the infrared cloud image shown under the solar data shows high infrared as dark (land) and low infrared as light (clouds). EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Incoming Solar Radiation EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Solar Irradiance EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Clouds:Cloud Reflectance EARTH SCIENCE:Sun-earth Interactions:Solar Activity:Solar Irradiance CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2003-06-20T02:44Z/2003-06-22T00:56Z/PT1H39M image/png text/plain text/html 3177_21760 The Earth's climate is determined by energy transfer from the sun to the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere. As the Earth rotates, the sun lights up only part of the Earth at a time, and some of that incoming solar energy is reflected and some is absorbed, depending on type of area it lights. The amount of reflection and absorption is critical to the climate. An instrument named CERES orbits the Earth every 99 minutes and measures the reflected solar energy. This animation shows the net radiation flux within view of CERES during 29 orbits on June 20 and 21 of 2003. The net flux is the incoming solar flux minus the outgoing reflected (shortwave) and thermal (longwave) radiation. If the flux in a region is positive, the Earth is being warmed by the sun in that region, while cooling regions have a negative flux. It is clear from the animation that the most intensive heating occurs in ocean regions with few clouds, while the second most intense are cloud-free regions over vegetated land areas. Deserts, cloudy regions, and ice caps all reflect enough solar radiation to reduce the amount of heating. Regions of night are, of course, cooling regions because there is no incoming flux at all. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Net Radiation EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Radiative Flux EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Clouds:Cloud Top Temperature CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2003-06-20T02:44Z/2003-06-22T00:56Z/PT1H39M image/png text/plain text/html 3176_21754 The Earth's climate is determined by energy transfer from the sun to the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere. As the Earth rotates, the sun lights up only part of the Earth at a time, and some of that incoming solar energy is reflected and some is absorbed, depending on type of area it lights. The amount of reflection and absorption is critical to the climate. An instrument named CERES orbits the Earth every 99 minutes and measures the reflected solar energy. This animation shows the outgoing thermal radiation measured by CERES during 29 orbits on June 20 and 21 of 2003 over global infrared cloud images. Thermal radiation is longwave radiation and depends on the temperature of the earth, with the most intense radiation coming from the warmest regions and the least from cold clouds in the atmosphere. Although cold clouds and the cold Antarctic night regions can be seen in this data, the Earth radiates pretty uniformly in the longwave bands because the atmosphere distributes the heat of the sun to the whole planet. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Outgoing Longwave Radiation EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Clouds:Cloud Top Temperature EARTH SCIENCE:Oceans:Ocean Heat Budget:Longwave Radiation CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2003-06-20T02:44Z/2003-06-22T00:56Z/PT1H39M image/png text/plain text/html 3175_21743 The Earth's climate is determined by energy transfer from the sun to the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere. As the Earth rotates, the sun lights up only part of the Earth at a time, and some of that incoming solar energy is reflected and some is absorbed, depending on type of area it lights. The amount of reflection and absorption is critical to the climate. An instrument named CERES orbits the Earth every 99 minutes and measures the reflected solar energy. This animation shows the reflected solar radiation measured by CERES during 29 orbits on June 20 and 21 of 2003 over infrared cloud images for the same period. Reflected solar radiation is shortwave radiation, and the most intense reflection comes from clouds. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Shortwave Radiation EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Clouds:Cloud Reflectance EARTH SCIENCE:Oceans:Ocean Heat Budget:Shortwave Radiation CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2003-06-20T02:44Z/2003-06-22T00:56Z/PT1H39M image/png text/plain text/html 3171_21745 The El Nino/La Nina event in 1997-1999 was particularly intense, but was also very well observed by satellites and buoys. Deviations from normal winds speeds and directions of the were computed using data from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSMI) on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. Physical oceanography EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Winds:Surface Winds EARTH SCIENCE:Climate Indicators:Teleconnections:El Nino Southern Oscillation EARTH SCIENCE:Oceans:Ocean Winds:Surface Winds Location:Pacific Ocean CRS:84 120 -70 -21 21 1997-01-07/1997-01-21/P7D,1997-01-31/1997-03-21/P7D,1997-03-31/1997-04-21/P7D,1997-04-30/1997-05-21/P7D,1997-05-31/1997-06-21/P7D,1997-06-30/1997-07-21/P7D,1997-07-31/1997-08-21/P7D,1997-08-31/1997-09-21/P7D,1997-09-30/1997-10-21/P7D,1997-10-31/1997-11-21/P7D,1997-11-30/1997-12-21/P7D,1997-12-31/1998-01-21/P7D,1998-01-31/1998-03-21/P7D,1998-03-31/1998-04-21/P7D,1998-04-30/1998-05-21/P7D,1998-05-31/1998-06-21/P7D,1998-06-30/1998-07-21/P7D,1998-07-31/1998-08-21/P7D,1998-08-31/1998-09-21/P7D,1998-09-30/1998-10-21/P7D,1998-10-31/1998-11-21/P7D,1998-11-30/1998-12-21/P7D,1998-12-31/1999-01-21/P7D,1999-01-31/1999-03-21/P7D,1999-03-31/1999-04-21/P7D,1999-04-30/1999-05-21/P7D,1999-05-31/1999-06-21/P7D,1999-06-30/1999-07-21/P7D,1999-07-31/1999-08-21/P7D,1999-08-31/1999-09-21/P7D,1999-09-30/1999-10-21/P7D,1999-10-31/1999-11-21/P7D,1999-11-30/1999-12-21/P7D,1999-12-31 image/png text/plain Here are X-rays images (shown on the same brightness scale) of the north polar region obtained by Chandra HRC-I on different days, showing large variability in soft (0.1-10.0 keV) X-ray emissions from Earth s aurora. Note that the images are not snap shots, but are approximately 20-min scans of the northern auroral region in the HRC-I field-of-view. The brightness scale in Rayleighs (R) assumes an average effective area of 40 cm2. The day-night terminator at an altitude of 0 km is displayed with lighting. The day-night terminator at an altitude of 100 km is shown by the blue line. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Atmospheric Emitted Radiation EARTH SCIENCE:Sun-earth Interactions:Ionosphere/Magnetosphere Particles:Aurorae image/png text/plain 3170_21483 Here are X-rays images (shown on the same brightness scale) of the north polar region obtained by Chandra HRC-I on different days, showing large variability in soft (0.1-10.0 keV) X-ray emissions from Earth s aurora. Note that the images are not snap shots, but are approximately 20-min scans of the northern auroral region in the HRC-I field-of-view. The brightness scale in Rayleighs (R) assumes an average effective area of 40 cm2. The day-night terminator at an altitude of 0 km is displayed with lighting. The day-night terminator at an altitude of 100 km is shown by the blue line. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Atmospheric Emitted Radiation EARTH SCIENCE:Sun-earth Interactions:Ionosphere/Magnetosphere Particles:Aurorae CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2004-01-24T20:22:19Z,2004-01-30T03:26:50Z,2004-02-14T00:18:00Z,2004-04-13T04:07:00Z text/plain 3170_21483_bg Here are X-rays images (shown on the same brightness scale) of the north polar region obtained by Chandra HRC-I on different days, showing large variability in soft (0.1-10.0 keV) X-ray emissions from Earth s aurora. Note that the images are not snap shots, but are approximately 20-min scans of the northern auroral region in the HRC-I field-of-view. The brightness scale in Rayleighs (R) assumes an average effective area of 40 cm2. The day-night terminator at an altitude of 0 km is displayed with lighting. The day-night terminator at an altitude of 100 km is shown by the blue line. This image can be composited with the previous animation. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Atmospheric Emitted Radiation EARTH SCIENCE:Sun-earth Interactions:Ionosphere/Magnetosphere Particles:Aurorae CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 text/plain 3169_21478 EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Aerosols:Sulfate Particles EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Air Quality:Sulfur Oxides EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Chemistry/Sulfur Compounds:Sulfur Dioxide EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Chemistry/Sulfur Compounds:Sulfur Oxides EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Geological Hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Solid Earth:Volcanoes:Volcanic Gases CRS:84 -65 125 -18.75 28.75 1991-06-16/1991-06-29/P1D image/png text/plain Hurricane Fabian threatened the Eastern Coast of the United States before it turned northward and hit the island of Bermuda instead. Fabian came within 50 miles to the west of Bermuda on September 5th, 2003, with sustained winds of 117 miles per hour and with gusts of up to 130 miles per hour. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards image/png text/plain 3158_21476 Hurricane Fabian threatened the Eastern Coast of the United States before it turned northward and hit the island of Bermuda instead. Fabian came within 50 miles to the west of Bermuda on September 5th, 2003, with sustained winds of 117 miles per hour and with gusts of up to 130 miles per hour. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -73.3988646679502 -51.6878957662918 12.1864453836873 46.2285439641392 text/plain 3158_21476 Hurricane Fabian threatened the Eastern Coast of the United States before it turned northward and hit the island of Bermuda instead. Fabian came within 50 miles to the west of Bermuda on September 5th, 2003, with sustained winds of 117 miles per hour and with gusts of up to 130 miles per hour. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -73.3988646679502 -51.6878957662918 12.1864453836873 46.2285439641392 TIME(2003-09-02T14:20Z)XMIN(-67.6655825812883)YMIN(12.1864453836873)XMAX(-51.6878957662918)YMAX(29.713525136042)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2003-09-03T15:05Z)XMIN(-70.9776173027262)YMIN(13.6760596194853)XMAX(-56.487052746793)YMAX(30.1395398125951)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2003-09-04T17:15Z)XMIN(-73.3988646679502)YMIN(16.658716042271)XMAX(-55.6280401234404)YMAX(35.208370482015)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2003-09-05T14:50Z)XMIN(-73.3839272370537)YMIN(22.8270411545016)XMAX(-55.2786233131957)YMAX(40.9370508103736)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2003-09-06T17:05Z)XMIN(-71.9716053673508)YMIN(27.5548601648605)XMAX(-51.7096756196702)YMAX(46.2285439641392)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3158_21378_526232 Hurricane Fabian threatened the Eastern Coast of the United States before it turned northward and hit the island of Bermuda instead. Fabian came within 50 miles to the west of Bermuda on September 5th, 2003, with sustained winds of 117 miles per hour and with gusts of up to 130 miles per hour. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -67.6655825812883 -51.6878957662918 12.1864453836873 29.713525136042 2003-09-02T14:20Z TIME(2003-09-02T14:20Z)XMIN(-67.6655825812883)YMIN(12.1864453836873)XMAX(-51.6878957662918)YMAX(29.713525136042)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3158_21378_526233 Hurricane Fabian threatened the Eastern Coast of the United States before it turned northward and hit the island of Bermuda instead. Fabian came within 50 miles to the west of Bermuda on September 5th, 2003, with sustained winds of 117 miles per hour and with gusts of up to 130 miles per hour. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -70.9776173027262 -56.487052746793 13.6760596194853 30.1395398125951 2003-09-03T15:05Z TIME(2003-09-03T15:05Z)XMIN(-70.9776173027262)YMIN(13.6760596194853)XMAX(-56.487052746793)YMAX(30.1395398125951)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3158_21378_526234 Hurricane Fabian threatened the Eastern Coast of the United States before it turned northward and hit the island of Bermuda instead. Fabian came within 50 miles to the west of Bermuda on September 5th, 2003, with sustained winds of 117 miles per hour and with gusts of up to 130 miles per hour. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -73.3988646679502 -55.6280401234404 16.658716042271 35.208370482015 2003-09-04T17:15Z TIME(2003-09-04T17:15Z)XMIN(-73.3988646679502)YMIN(16.658716042271)XMAX(-55.6280401234404)YMAX(35.208370482015)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3158_21378_526235 Hurricane Fabian threatened the Eastern Coast of the United States before it turned northward and hit the island of Bermuda instead. Fabian came within 50 miles to the west of Bermuda on September 5th, 2003, with sustained winds of 117 miles per hour and with gusts of up to 130 miles per hour. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -73.3839272370537 -55.2786233131957 22.8270411545016 40.9370508103736 2003-09-05T14:50Z TIME(2003-09-05T14:50Z)XMIN(-73.3839272370537)YMIN(22.8270411545016)XMAX(-55.2786233131957)YMAX(40.9370508103736)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3158_21378_526236 Hurricane Fabian threatened the Eastern Coast of the United States before it turned northward and hit the island of Bermuda instead. Fabian came within 50 miles to the west of Bermuda on September 5th, 2003, with sustained winds of 117 miles per hour and with gusts of up to 130 miles per hour. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -71.9716053673508 -51.7096756196702 27.5548601648605 46.2285439641392 2003-09-06T17:05Z TIME(2003-09-06T17:05Z)XMIN(-71.9716053673508)YMIN(27.5548601648605)XMAX(-51.7096756196702)YMAX(46.2285439641392)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3157_21374 Big cities influence the environment around them. For example, urban areas are typically warmer than their surroundings. Cities are strikingly visible in computer models that simulate the Earth's land surface. This visualization shows sensible heat flux predicted by the Land Information System (LIS) for a day in June 2001. (Sensible heat flux refers to transfer of heat from the earth's surface to the air above; for further explanation see http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/energy/energy_balance.html). Sensible heat flux is higher in the cities--that is, they transfer more heat to the atmosphere--because the surface there is warmer than in the surroundings. Only part of the global computation is shown, focusing on the highly urbanized northeast corridor in the United States, including the cities of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington. Human geography EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Heat Flux EARTH SCIENCE:Biosphere:Terrestrial Ecosystems:Urban Lands EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Environmental Impacts:Urbanization EARTH SCIENCE:Land Surface:Land Temperature:Land Surface Temperature Location:United States Of America CRS:84 -79.7 -69.7 34.5 44.5 image/png text/plain 3156_21370 Big cities influence the environment around them. For example, urban areas are typically warmer than their surroundings. Cities are strikingly visible in computer models that simulate the Earth's land surface. This visualization shows latent heat flux predicted by the Land Information System (LIS) for a day in June 2001. (Latent heat flux refers to the transfer of energy from the Earth's surface to the air above by evaporation of water on the surface; for a more detailed explanation see http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/energy/energy_balance.html). Latent heat flux is lower in the cities because there is less evaporation there. Only part of the global computation is shown, focusing on the highly urbanized northeast corridor in the United States, including the cities of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington. Human geography EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Heat Flux EARTH SCIENCE:Biosphere:Terrestrial Ecosystems:Urban Lands EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Environmental Impacts:Urbanization EARTH SCIENCE:Land Surface:Land Temperature:Land Surface Temperature Location:United States Of America CRS:84 -79.7 -69.7 34.5 44.5 image/png text/plain 3155_21366 Big cities influence the environment around them. For example, urban areas are typically warmer than their surroundings. Cities are strikingly visible in computer models that simulate the Earth's land surface. This visualization shows outgoing thermal radiation predicted by the Land Information System (LIS) for a day in June 2001. Cities are warmer, so they emit more longwave (infrared) radiation. Only part of the global computation is shown, focusing on the highly urbanized northeast corridor in the United States, including the cities of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington. Additional Credit: NASA GSFC Land Information System (http://lis.gsfc.nasa.gov/) Human geography EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Outgoing Longwave Radiation EARTH SCIENCE:Biosphere:Terrestrial Ecosystems:Urban Lands EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Environmental Impacts:Urbanization Location:United States Of America CRS:84 -79.7 -69.7 34.5 44.5 image/png text/plain 3154_21362 Big cities influence the environment around them. For example, urban areas are typically warmer than their surroundings. Cities are strikingly visible in computer models that simulate the Earth's land surface. This visualization shows evaporation rates predicted by the Land Information System (LIS) for a day in June 2001. Evaporation is lower in the cities because water tends to run off pavement and into drains, rather than being absorbed by soil and plants from which it later evaporates. Only part of the global computation is shown, focusing on the highly urbanized northeast corridor in the United States, including the cities of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington. Additional Credit: NASA GSFC Land Information System (http://lis.gsfc.nasa.gov/) Human geography EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Water Vapor:Evaporation EARTH SCIENCE:Biosphere:Terrestrial Ecosystems:Urban Lands EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Environmental Impacts:Urbanization Location:United States Of America CRS:84 -79.7 -69.7 34.5 44.5 image/png text/plain Hurricane Charley was the first of four hurricanes to hit the United States in 2004. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards image/png text/plain 3153_21359 Hurricane Charley was the first of four hurricanes to hit the United States in 2004. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -90.525325927223 -68.821045230809 12.6028528928826 34.2722330213433 text/plain 3153_21359 Hurricane Charley was the first of four hurricanes to hit the United States in 2004. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -90.525325927223 -68.821045230809 12.6028528928826 34.2722330213433 TIME(2004-08-11T18:15Z)XMIN(-83.1766)YMIN(12.6028528928826)XMAX(-68.821045230809)YMAX(23.3947)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2004-08-12T15:55Z)XMIN(-88.8944)YMIN(15.1524323006229)XMAX(-73.10328975389)YMAX(26.8436)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2004-08-13T16:35Z)XMIN(-90.525325927223)YMIN(17.6179037119539)XMAX(-74.7645429695549)YMAX(34.2722330213433)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3153_21352_526229 Hurricane Charley was the first of four hurricanes to hit the United States in 2004. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -83.1766 -68.821045230809 12.6028528928826 23.3947 2004-08-11T18:15Z TIME(2004-08-11T18:15Z)XMIN(-83.1766)YMIN(12.6028528928826)XMAX(-68.821045230809)YMAX(23.3947)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3153_21352_526230 Hurricane Charley was the first of four hurricanes to hit the United States in 2004. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -88.8944 -73.10328975389 15.1524323006229 26.8436 2004-08-12T15:55Z TIME(2004-08-12T15:55Z)XMIN(-88.8944)YMIN(15.1524323006229)XMAX(-73.10328975389)YMAX(26.8436)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3153_21352_526231 Hurricane Charley was the first of four hurricanes to hit the United States in 2004. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -90.525325927223 -74.7645429695549 17.6179037119539 34.2722330213433 2004-08-13T16:35Z TIME(2004-08-13T16:35Z)XMIN(-90.525325927223)YMIN(17.6179037119539)XMAX(-74.7645429695549)YMAX(34.2722330213433)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain Hurricane Ivan was the third hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached the Gulf Coast across the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards image/png text/plain 3151_21311 Hurricane Ivan was the third hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached the Gulf Coast across the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -97.783357423868 -40.063501905874 2.35578681630744 44.444111472387 text/plain 3151_21311 Hurricane Ivan was the third hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached the Gulf Coast across the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -97.783357423868 -40.063501905874 2.35578681630744 44.444111472387 TIME(2004-09-05T13:30Z)XMIN(-51.9346000000001)YMIN(2.35578681630744)XMAX(-40.063501905874)YMAX(17.6435)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2004-09-09T17:45Z)XMIN(-78.5077487919946)YMIN(7.18961872427302)XMAX(-62.964508362621)YMAX(24.7389598417687)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2004-09-10T15:25Z)XMIN(-83.6721612098308)YMIN(6.88825750650757)XMAX(-65.6730835044227)YMAX(27.0173094238337)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2004-09-10T18:30Z)XMIN(-85.3007505809697)YMIN(6.8151294646824)XMAX(-65.6560794921068)YMAX(28.9493486570163)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2004-09-11T16:10Z)XMIN(-87.421731513595)YMIN(7.8337406325151)XMAX(-69.2183638045244)YMAX(28.0301279782744)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2004-09-13T15:55Z)XMIN(-90.3224319644198)YMIN(11.6666681770917)XMAX(-72.8166172201217)YMAX(31.1420592458859)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2004-09-13T19:00Z)XMIN(-92.2394754889654)YMIN(12.5806906041461)XMAX(-76.6876355017955)YMAX(30.2816133891251)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2004-09-14T16:35Z)XMIN(-92.9610362755348)YMIN(15.3418167282253)XMAX(-76.1137010823715)YMAX(33.4599091686758)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2004-09-15T18:50Z)XMIN(-97.783357423868)YMIN(21.3194031782046)XMAX(-73.6086011220815)YMAX(39.0517834167672)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2004-09-16T16:23Z)XMIN(-94.7314750830772)YMIN(22.0812866731224)XMAX(-70.9849415837094)YMAX(44.444111472387)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3151_21289_522947 Hurricane Ivan was the third hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached the Gulf Coast across the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -51.9346000000001 -40.063501905874 2.35578681630744 17.6435 2004-09-05T13:30Z TIME(2004-09-05T13:30Z)XMIN(-51.9346000000001)YMIN(2.35578681630744)XMAX(-40.063501905874)YMAX(17.6435)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3151_21289_522948 Hurricane Ivan was the third hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached the Gulf Coast across the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -78.5077487919946 -62.964508362621 7.18961872427302 24.7389598417687 2004-09-09T17:45Z TIME(2004-09-09T17:45Z)XMIN(-78.5077487919946)YMIN(7.18961872427302)XMAX(-62.964508362621)YMAX(24.7389598417687)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3151_21289_522949 Hurricane Ivan was the third hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached the Gulf Coast across the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -83.6721612098308 -65.6730835044227 6.88825750650757 27.0173094238337 2004-09-10T15:25Z TIME(2004-09-10T15:25Z)XMIN(-83.6721612098308)YMIN(6.88825750650757)XMAX(-65.6730835044227)YMAX(27.0173094238337)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3151_21289_522950 Hurricane Ivan was the third hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached the Gulf Coast across the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -85.3007505809697 -65.6560794921068 6.8151294646824 28.9493486570163 2004-09-10T18:30Z TIME(2004-09-10T18:30Z)XMIN(-85.3007505809697)YMIN(6.8151294646824)XMAX(-65.6560794921068)YMAX(28.9493486570163)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3151_21289_522951 Hurricane Ivan was the third hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached the Gulf Coast across the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -87.421731513595 -69.2183638045244 7.8337406325151 28.0301279782744 2004-09-11T16:10Z TIME(2004-09-11T16:10Z)XMIN(-87.421731513595)YMIN(7.8337406325151)XMAX(-69.2183638045244)YMAX(28.0301279782744)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3151_21289_522952 Hurricane Ivan was the third hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached the Gulf Coast across the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -90.3224319644198 -72.8166172201217 11.6666681770917 31.1420592458859 2004-09-13T15:55Z TIME(2004-09-13T15:55Z)XMIN(-90.3224319644198)YMIN(11.6666681770917)XMAX(-72.8166172201217)YMAX(31.1420592458859)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3151_21289_522953 Hurricane Ivan was the third hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached the Gulf Coast across the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -92.2394754889654 -76.6876355017955 12.5806906041461 30.2816133891251 2004-09-13T19:00Z TIME(2004-09-13T19:00Z)XMIN(-92.2394754889654)YMIN(12.5806906041461)XMAX(-76.6876355017955)YMAX(30.2816133891251)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3151_21289_522954 Hurricane Ivan was the third hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached the Gulf Coast across the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -92.9610362755348 -76.1137010823715 15.3418167282253 33.4599091686758 2004-09-14T16:35Z TIME(2004-09-14T16:35Z)XMIN(-92.9610362755348)YMIN(15.3418167282253)XMAX(-76.1137010823715)YMAX(33.4599091686758)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3151_21289_522955 Hurricane Ivan was the third hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached the Gulf Coast across the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -97.783357423868 -73.6086011220815 21.3194031782046 39.0517834167672 2004-09-15T18:50Z TIME(2004-09-15T18:50Z)XMIN(-97.783357423868)YMIN(21.3194031782046)XMAX(-73.6086011220815)YMAX(39.0517834167672)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3151_21289_522956 Hurricane Ivan was the third hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached the Gulf Coast across the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -94.7314750830772 -70.9849415837094 22.0812866731224 44.444111472387 2004-09-16T16:23Z TIME(2004-09-16T16:23Z)XMIN(-94.7314750830772)YMIN(22.0812866731224)XMAX(-70.9849415837094)YMAX(44.444111472387)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3148_21284 In January 2005, heavy rains in southern California caused flooding and mudslides. A flow of moisture known as a 'Pineapple Express' because it originates in the Pacific subtropics near Hawaii can cause severe winter storms in California when conditions are right. NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) observered heavy rainfall near San Diego during a five-day period in January 2005. This visualization shows accumulation of rainfall--each frame shows the total amount of rain since the start of the measurement period. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Precipitation:Rain Location:Pacific Ocean Location:United States Of America CRS:84 -130 -110 25 45 2005-01-06T00:00Z/2005-01-11T21:00Z/PT3H image/png text/plain text/html Hurricane Frances was the second hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached Florida from the Atlantic Ocean. Additional Credit: MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov) Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards image/png text/plain 3147_21282 Hurricane Frances was the second hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached Florida from the Atlantic Ocean. Additional Credit: MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov) Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -92.5067249557159 -42.0168993752969 6.23102639331738 38.7789867438391 text/plain 3147_21282 Hurricane Frances was the second hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached Florida from the Atlantic Ocean. Additional Credit: MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov) Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -92.5067249557159 -42.0168993752969 6.23102639331738 38.7789867438391 TIME(2004-08-27T16:40Z)XMIN(-55.9817000000001)YMIN(6.23102639331738)XMAX(-42.0168993752969)YMAX(23.7679)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2004-08-28T14:15Z)XMIN(-58.4588000000001)YMIN(10.1300954354333)XMAX(-45.5378981110465)YMAX(25.8678)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2004-08-30T17:10Z)XMIN(-65.4588000000001)YMIN(11.1305954354333)XMAX(-52.5378981110465)YMAX(26.8683)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2004-08-31T14:45Z)XMIN(-71.1981000000001)YMIN(12.9034519068142)XMAX(-57.7994926127838)YMAX(29.0919)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2004-08-31T17:55Z)XMIN(-71.6981000000001)YMIN(12.9034519068142)XMAX(-58.2994926127838)YMAX(29.0919)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2004-09-01T15:30Z)XMIN(-77.4688732449916)YMIN(12.0870946545513)XMAX(-59.5993746385797)YMAX(31.7575377218739)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2004-09-03T18:24Z)XMIN(-85.1372737120281)YMIN(17.0101042232465)XMAX(-66.1397972088392)YMAX(36.6864071375997)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2004-09-04T16:00Z)XMIN(-85.7870000000001)YMIN(19.4553679674065)XMAX(-70.2110750211561)YMAX(36.5428)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2004-09-05T18:15Z)XMIN(-89.1620924204862)YMIN(19.028108062393)XMAX(-71.793653225176)YMAX(36.8221363888092)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024),TIME(2004-09-06T19:00Z)XMIN(-92.5067249557159)YMIN(20.9724863082909)XMAX(-75.2841226664214)YMAX(38.7789867438391)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3147_21260_522889 Hurricane Frances was the second hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached Florida from the Atlantic Ocean. Additional Credit: MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov) Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -55.9817000000001 -42.0168993752969 6.23102639331738 23.7679 2004-08-27T16:40Z TIME(2004-08-27T16:40Z)XMIN(-55.9817000000001)YMIN(6.23102639331738)XMAX(-42.0168993752969)YMAX(23.7679)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3147_21260_522890 Hurricane Frances was the second hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached Florida from the Atlantic Ocean. Additional Credit: MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov) Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -58.4588000000001 -45.5378981110465 10.1300954354333 25.8678 2004-08-28T14:15Z TIME(2004-08-28T14:15Z)XMIN(-58.4588000000001)YMIN(10.1300954354333)XMAX(-45.5378981110465)YMAX(25.8678)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3147_21260_522891 Hurricane Frances was the second hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached Florida from the Atlantic Ocean. Additional Credit: MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov) Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -65.4588000000001 -52.5378981110465 11.1305954354333 26.8683 2004-08-30T17:10Z TIME(2004-08-30T17:10Z)XMIN(-65.4588000000001)YMIN(11.1305954354333)XMAX(-52.5378981110465)YMAX(26.8683)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3147_21260_522892 Hurricane Frances was the second hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached Florida from the Atlantic Ocean. Additional Credit: MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov) Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -71.1981000000001 -57.7994926127838 12.9034519068142 29.0919 2004-08-31T14:45Z TIME(2004-08-31T14:45Z)XMIN(-71.1981000000001)YMIN(12.9034519068142)XMAX(-57.7994926127838)YMAX(29.0919)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3147_21260_522893 Hurricane Frances was the second hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached Florida from the Atlantic Ocean. Additional Credit: MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov) Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -71.6981000000001 -58.2994926127838 12.9034519068142 29.0919 2004-08-31T17:55Z TIME(2004-08-31T17:55Z)XMIN(-71.6981000000001)YMIN(12.9034519068142)XMAX(-58.2994926127838)YMAX(29.0919)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3147_21260_522894 Hurricane Frances was the second hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached Florida from the Atlantic Ocean. Additional Credit: MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov) Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -77.4688732449916 -59.5993746385797 12.0870946545513 31.7575377218739 2004-09-01T15:30Z TIME(2004-09-01T15:30Z)XMIN(-77.4688732449916)YMIN(12.0870946545513)XMAX(-59.5993746385797)YMAX(31.7575377218739)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3147_21260_522895 Hurricane Frances was the second hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached Florida from the Atlantic Ocean. Additional Credit: MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov) Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -85.1372737120281 -66.1397972088392 17.0101042232465 36.6864071375997 2004-09-03T18:24Z TIME(2004-09-03T18:24Z)XMIN(-85.1372737120281)YMIN(17.0101042232465)XMAX(-66.1397972088392)YMAX(36.6864071375997)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3147_21260_522896 Hurricane Frances was the second hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached Florida from the Atlantic Ocean. Additional Credit: MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov) Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -85.7870000000001 -70.2110750211561 19.4553679674065 36.5428 2004-09-04T16:00Z TIME(2004-09-04T16:00Z)XMIN(-85.7870000000001)YMIN(19.4553679674065)XMAX(-70.2110750211561)YMAX(36.5428)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3147_21260_522897 Hurricane Frances was the second hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached Florida from the Atlantic Ocean. Additional Credit: MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov) Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -89.1620924204862 -71.793653225176 19.028108062393 36.8221363888092 2004-09-05T18:15Z TIME(2004-09-05T18:15Z)XMIN(-89.1620924204862)YMIN(19.028108062393)XMAX(-71.793653225176)YMAX(36.8221363888092)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3147_21260_522898 Hurricane Frances was the second hurricane to hit Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. This set of images shows the progression of the hurricane as it approached Florida from the Atlantic Ocean. Additional Credit: MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov) Atmospheric science Natural hazards EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Human Dimensions:Natural Hazards:Meteorological Hazards CRS:84 -92.5067249557159 -75.2841226664214 20.9724863082909 38.7789867438391 2004-09-06T19:00Z TIME(2004-09-06T19:00Z)XMIN(-92.5067249557159)YMIN(20.9724863082909)XMAX(-75.2841226664214)YMAX(38.7789867438391)WIDTH(1024)HEIGHT(1024) text/plain 3146_21255 Hurricane Isabel generated large amounts of rain over the Atlantic ocean as it approached East coast of the United States in September 2003. In fact, unlike many hurricanes, most of the Isabel's rainfall did not occur over land; flooding on land was caused mainly by storm surge. This animation shows accumulation of rainfall from the hurricane--each frame shows the total amount of rain since the start of the measurement period. Rain from other sources has been masked out, so the hurricane track is clearly visible as the storm moves across the Atlantic. Atmospheric science EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Hurricanes EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Precipitation:Rain Location:Atlantic Ocean CRS:84 -101.25 -21.25 5 45 2003-09-06T00:00Z/2003-09-19T21:00Z/PT3H image/png text/plain 3144_21247 Lightning is a brief but intense electrical discharge between positive and negative regions of a thunderstorm.The Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite was designed to study the distribution and variability of total lightning on a global basis. The Optical Transient Detector (OTD) was an earlier lightning detector flying aboard the Microlab-1 spacecraft. The data shown here are compiled from LIS (1998-2002) and OTD (1995-1999) observations. Because each satellite saw only a part of the Earth at any one time, these data use complex algorithms to estimate total flash rate density (number of flashes per square kilometer per year) based on the flashes observed and the amount of time the satellite views each area. Atmospheric science EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Electricity:Lightning EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Lightning Location:Global CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 image/png text/plain Lightning is a brief but intense electrical discharge between positive and negative regions of a thunderstorm. The Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite was designed to study the distribution and variability of total lightning on a global basis. The Optical Transient Detector (OTD) was an earlier lightning detector flying aboard the Microlab-1 spacecraft. The data shown here are compiled from LIS (1998-2002) and OTD (1995-1999) observations. Because each satellite saw only a part of the Earth at any one time, these data use complex algorithms to estimate total flash rate based on the flashes observed and the amount of time the satellite views each area. NOTE: This animation is primarily designed to be used through the Web Mapping Services (WMS) protocol. Each frame in the animation actually represents an accumulation of a number of years of data up through a particular day of the year. Because of a limitation in the WMS protocol, each frame is marked only with a single date representing the last date for which the data was accumulated. Atmospheric science EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Electricity:Lightning EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Lightning Location:Global image/png text/plain text/html 3143_21314 Lightning is a brief but intense electrical discharge between positive and negative regions of a thunderstorm. The Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite was designed to study the distribution and variability of total lightning on a global basis. The Optical Transient Detector (OTD) was an earlier lightning detector flying aboard the Microlab-1 spacecraft. The data shown here are compiled from LIS (1998-2002) and OTD (1995-1999) observations. Because each satellite saw only a part of the Earth at any one time, these data use complex algorithms to estimate total flash rate based on the flashes observed and the amount of time the satellite views each area. NOTE: This animation is primarily designed to be used through the Web Mapping Services (WMS) protocol. Each frame in the animation actually represents an accumulation of a number of years of data up through a particular day of the year. Because of a limitation in the WMS protocol, each frame is marked only with a single date representing the last date for which the data was accumulated. Atmospheric science EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Electricity:Lightning EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Lightning Location:Global CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2002-01-01/2002-06-29/P1D,2002-06-31,2002-07-01/2002-12-31/P1D text/plain text/html 3143_21314_bg Lightning is a brief but intense electrical discharge between positive and negative regions of a thunderstorm. The Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite was designed to study the distribution and variability of total lightning on a global basis. The Optical Transient Detector (OTD) was an earlier lightning detector flying aboard the Microlab-1 spacecraft. The data shown here are compiled from LIS (1998-2002) and OTD (1995-1999) observations. Because each satellite saw only a part of the Earth at any one time, these data use complex algorithms to estimate total flash rate based on the flashes observed and the amount of time the satellite views each area. NOTE: This animation is primarily designed to be used through the Web Mapping Services (WMS) protocol. Each frame in the animation actually represents an accumulation of a number of years of data up through a particular day of the year. Because of a limitation in the WMS protocol, each frame is marked only with a single date representing the last date for which the data was accumulated. This image can be composited with the previous animation. Atmospheric science EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Electricity:Lightning EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Lightning Location:Global CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 text/plain text/html 3143_21313 Lightning is a brief but intense electrical discharge between positive and negative regions of a thunderstorm. The Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite was designed to study the distribution and variability of total lightning on a global basis. The Optical Transient Detector (OTD) was an earlier lightning detector flying aboard the Microlab-1 spacecraft. The data shown here are compiled from LIS (1998-2002) and OTD (1995-1999) observations. Because each satellite saw only a part of the Earth at any one time, these data use complex algorithms to estimate total flash rate based on the flashes observed and the amount of time the satellite views each area. NOTE: This animation is primarily designed to be used through the Web Mapping Services (WMS) protocol. Each frame in the animation actually represents an accumulation of a number of years of data up through a particular day of the year. Because of a limitation in the WMS protocol, each frame is marked only with a single date representing the last date for which the data was accumulated. Atmospheric science EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Electricity:Lightning EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Lightning Location:Global CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2002-01-01/2002-06-29/P1D,2002-06-31,2002-07-01/2002-12-31/P1D text/plain text/html 3143_21313_bg Lightning is a brief but intense electrical discharge between positive and negative regions of a thunderstorm. The Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite was designed to study the distribution and variability of total lightning on a global basis. The Optical Transient Detector (OTD) was an earlier lightning detector flying aboard the Microlab-1 spacecraft. The data shown here are compiled from LIS (1998-2002) and OTD (1995-1999) observations. Because each satellite saw only a part of the Earth at any one time, these data use complex algorithms to estimate total flash rate based on the flashes observed and the amount of time the satellite views each area. NOTE: This animation is primarily designed to be used through the Web Mapping Services (WMS) protocol. Each frame in the animation actually represents an accumulation of a number of years of data up through a particular day of the year. Because of a limitation in the WMS protocol, each frame is marked only with a single date representing the last date for which the data was accumulated. This image can be composited with the previous animation. Atmospheric science EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Electricity:Lightning EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Lightning Location:Global CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 text/plain text/html 3133_21151 Desert storms in northern Africa raise dust that is carried in the upper atmosphere across the Atlantic Ocean. The dust, which may carry potentially hazardous bacteria and fungi, can land as far west as the Carribean and the Americas. Atmospheric science EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Aerosols:Aerosol Radiance CRS:84 -130 82.5 -15 60 2000-07-01/2000-07-31/P1D image/png text/plain 3132_21145 A devastating series of fires occurred in Southern California during October 2003. The effects of these fires were detectable from space. The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instrument measures aerosol particles (microscopic airborne dust and smoke). TOMS was able to detect aerosols from these fires moving West over the Pacific Ocean and East over the continental United States. Atmospheric science EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Aerosols:Aerosol Radiance CRS:84 -160 -60 10 58 2003-10-23/2003-11-01/P1D image/png text/plain text/html 3130_21127 Wildfires started by lightning burned more than 80,000 acres in Alaska in June 2004. The effects of these fires can be seen across North America with the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instrument on the Earth Probe spacecraft. TOMS detects the presence of UV-absorbing tropospheric aerosols across the globe. Atmospheric science EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Aerosols:Aerosol Radiance CRS:84 -180 -38.75 37 85 2004-06-21/2004-07-10/P1D image/png text/plain text/html 3126_21087 The Erythemal Index is a measure of ultraviolet (UV) radiation at ground level on the Earth. (The word 'erythema' means an abnormal redness of the skin, such as is caused by spending too much time in the sun--a sunburn is damage to your skin cells caused by UV radiation.) Atmospheric ozone shields life at the surface from most of the harmful components of solar radiation. Chemical processes in the atmosphere can affect the level of protection provided by the ozone in the upper atmosphere. This thinning of the atmospheric ozone in the stratosphere leads to elevated levels of UV at ground level and increases the risks of DNA damage in living organisms. Atmospheric science EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Ultraviolet Radiation CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2000-01-01/2001-12-31/P1D image/png text/plain 3124_21064 The Erythemal Index is a measure of ultraviolet (UV) radiation at ground level on the Earth. (The word 'erythema' means an abnormal redness of the skin, such as is caused by spending too much time in the sun--a sunburn is damage to your skin cells caused by UV radiation.) Atmospheric ozone shields life at the surface from most of the harmful components of solar radiation. Chemical processes in the atmosphere can affect the level of protection provided by the ozone in the upper atmosphere. This thinning of the atmospheric ozone in the stratosphere leads to elevated levels of UV at ground level and increases the risks of DNA damage in living organisms. Atmospheric science EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Ultraviolet Radiation CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2000-01/2001-12/P1M image/png text/plain 3114_21621 The Erythemal Index is a measure of ultraviolet (UV) radiation at ground level on the Earth. (The word 'erythema' means an abnormal redness of the skin, such as is caused by spending too much time in the sun--a sunburn is damage to your skin cells caused by UV radiation.) Atmospheric ozone shields life at the surface from most of the harmful components of solar radiation. Chemical processes in the atmosphere can affect the level of protection provided by the ozone in the upper atmosphere. This thinning of the atmospheric ozone in the stratosphere leads to elevated levels of UV at ground level and increases the risks of DNA damage in living organisms. Atmospheric science EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Ultraviolet Radiation CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2000-01-01/2001-12-31/P1D image/png text/plain 3110_20956 Satellite data can gauge the health of plants, which is a good indicator of drought. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) measures how dense and green plant leaves are. NDVI images are useful as a measure of drought when compared to 'normal' plant health. Scientists calculate average NDVI values for an area to find out what is normal at a particular time of year. This animation uses satellite imagery to show changes in vegetation between 1999 and 2003. In 2002, drought had settled across the Midwest. Large dark brown sections of eastern Colorado show where vegetation was less lush and healthy than normal. This version of the visualization is a wide view showing the western United States. The data were measured by the vegetation instrument on Europe's SPOT-4 satellite, and were provided by DigitalGlobe/SPOT under agreement with the U.S. Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service (USDA/FAS). Climatology EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Phenomena:Drought EARTH SCIENCE:Biosphere:Vegetation:Vegetation Index CRS:84 -125.95682 -98.887208 28.808912 50.874116 1999-06-10/1999-07-20/P10D,1999-07-31/1999-08-20/P10D,1999-08-31/1999-09-30/P10D,2000-06-10/2000-07-20/P10D,2000-07-31/2000-08-20/P10D,2000-08-31/2000-09-30/P10D,2001-06-10/2001-07-20/P10D,2001-07-31/2001-08-20/P10D,2001-08-31/2001-09-30/P10D,2002-06-10/2002-07-20/P10D,2002-07-31/2002-08-20/P10D,2002-08-31/2002-09-30/P10D,2003-06-10/2003-07-20/P10D,2003-07-31/2003-08-20/P10D,2003-08-31/2003-09-30/P10D image/png text/plain 3109_20950 The Earth's climate is determined by energy transfer from the sun to the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere. As the Earth moves around the sun, the fact that the Earth's axis is tilted means that the sun's overhead position moves from the Northern Hemisphere to the Southern Hemisphere and back from one summer to the next. This effect causes winters to be cold and summers warm in the Northern Hemisphere and the opposite in the Southern Hemisphere. This animation shows the incoming solar irradiance on the Earth at noon on the Greenwich meridian during an entire year, illustrating this movement. The magnitude of this irradiance comes from measurements by the TIM instrument on SORCE. Since the Earth's orbit is elliptical, the magnitude of the solar irradiance at the Earth is least when the Earth is farthest from the sun and greatest when the earth is closest. This 6 or 7 percent change can be seen in the animation by watching the dark bands move. When the bands expand from the bright spot, the Earth is getting closer to the sun, from July through December, and when they contract the Earth is moving away, from January through June. The sun's irradiance is also variable from day to day, but that effect is about ten times smaller than the effect of the earth's orbit. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Incoming Solar Radiation EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Solar Irradiance EARTH SCIENCE:Sun-earth Interactions:Solar Activity:Solar Irradiance CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2003-06-20T12:00:00Z/2004-06-19T12:00:00Z/P1D image/png text/plain text/html 3108_21485 The Earth's climate is determined by energy transfer from the sun to the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere. As the Earth rotates, the sun lights up only part of the Earth at a time, and some of that incoming solar energy is reflected and some is absorbed, depending on type of area it lights. The amount of reflection and absorption is critical to the climate. An instrument named CERES orbits the Earth every 99 minutes and measures the reflected solar energy. This animation shows the reflected solar radiation measured by CERES during 29 orbits on June 20 and 21 of 2003. Reflected solar radiation is shortwave radiation, and the most intense reflection comes from clouds, followed by ice. Land reflects only a small amount of radiation, but ocean reflects the least, which is the reason that the sun heats the oceans so effectively. Of course, there is no reflected solar radiation in regions of night. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Shortwave Radiation EARTH SCIENCE:Oceans:Ocean Heat Budget:Shortwave Radiation CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2003-06-20T02:44Z/2003-06-22T00:56Z/PT1H39M image/png text/plain text/html 3107_21484 The Earth's climate is determined by energy transfer from the sun to the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere. As the Earth rotates, the sun lights up only part of the Earth at a time, and some of that incoming solar energy is reflected and some is absorbed, depending on type of area it lights. The amount of reflection and absorption is critical to the climate. An instrument named CERES orbits the Earth every 99 minutes and measures the reflected solar energy. This animation shows the outgoing thermal radiation measured by CERES during 29 orbits on June 20 and 21 of 2003. Thermal radiation is longwave radiation and depends on the temperature of the earth, with the most intense radiation coming from the warmest regions and the least from cold clouds in the atmosphere. Although cold clouds and the cold Antarctic night regions can be seen in this data, the Earth radiates pretty uniformly in the longwave bands because the atmosphere distributes the heat of the sun to the whole planet. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Outgoing Longwave Radiation EARTH SCIENCE:Oceans:Ocean Heat Budget:Longwave Radiation CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2003-06-20T02:44Z/2003-06-22T00:56Z/PT1H39M image/png text/plain text/html 3106_20932 The Earth's climate is determined by energy transfer from the sun to the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere. As the Earth rotates, the sun lights up only part of the Earth at a time, and some of that incoming solar energy is reflected and some is absorbed, depending on type of area it lights. The amount of reflection and absorption is critical to the climate. An instrument named CERES orbits the Earth every 99 minutes and measures the reflected solar energy. This animation shows the net radiation flux within view of CERES during 29 orbits on June 20 and 21 of 2003. The net flux is the incoming solar flux minus the outgoing reflected (shortwave) and thermal (longwave) radiation. If the flux in a region is positive, the Earth is being warmed by the sun in that region, while cooling regions have a negative flux. It is clear from the animation that the most intensive heating occurs in ocean regions with few clouds, while the second most intense are cloud-free regions over vegetated land areas. Deserts, cloudy regions, and ice caps all reflect enough solar radiation to reduce the amount of heating. Regions of night are, of course, cooling regions because there is no incoming flux at all. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Net Radiation EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Radiative Flux CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2003-06-20T02:44Z/2003-06-22T00:56Z/PT1H39M image/png text/plain text/html 3105_20926 The Earth's climate is determined by energy transfer from the sun to the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere. As the Earth rotates, the sun lights up only part of the Earth at a time, and some of that incoming solar energy is reflected and some is absorbed, depending on type of area it lights. The amount of reflection and absorption is critical to the climate. An instrument named CERES orbits the Earth every 99 minutes and measures the reflected solar energy. This animation shows the incoming solar radiation within view of CERES during 29 orbits on June 20 and 21 of 2003. Because this is incoming solar flux, its magnitude only depends on the position of the sun, and, because the orbit is synchronized with the sun, the orbit crosses the equator in the daylight at about 1:30 PM local time on every orbit. This data is not actually measured from CERES, but is calculated to compare with the outgoing radiation that CERES does measure. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Incoming Solar Radiation EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Solar Irradiance EARTH SCIENCE:Sun-earth Interactions:Solar Activity:Solar Irradiance CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2003-06-20T02:44Z/2003-06-22T00:56Z/PT1H39M image/png text/plain text/html 3104_20920 The Earth's climate is determined by energy transfer from the sun to the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere. As the Earth rotates, the sun lights up only part of the Earth at a time, and some of that incoming solar energy is reflected and some is absorbed, depending on type of area it lights. The amount of reflection and absorption is critical to th e climate. An instrument named CERES orbits the Earth every 99 minutes and measures the reflected solar energy. This animation shows the scene identification as measured by CERES during 29 orbits on June 20 and 21 of 2003. By comparing the incoming solar radiation with the outgoing reflected and thermal radiation, it is possible to identify the type of area being viewed, whether it be land, clouds, ocean, or ice. This scene identification is used together with the radiation flux measurements to build up a complete picture of the Earth's energy budget over time. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Reflectance EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Clouds:Cloud Reflectance EARTH SCIENCE:Cryosphere:Sea Ice:Reflectance EARTH SCIENCE:Land Surface:Surface Radiative Properties:Reflectance EARTH SCIENCE:Oceans:Ocean Heat Budget:Reflectance EARTH SCIENCE:Oceans:Sea Ice:Reflectance CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2003-06-20T02:44Z/2003-06-22T00:56Z/PT1H39M image/png text/plain text/html 3102_20904 Atmospheric science EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Temperature:Air Temperature Location:Global CRS:84 -180 180 -89 89 2004-08-13/2004-08-17/P1D,2004-08-20/2004-08-23/P1D,2004-08-25/2004-08-31/P1D,2004-09-02/2004-09-06/P1D,2004-09-10/2004-09-16/P2D,2004-09-17/2004-09-22/P1D,2004-09-24/2004-09-29/P1D,2004-10-01,2004-10-03/2004-10-07/P1D,2004-10-09/2004-10-12/P1D,2004-10-14,2004-10-15 image/png text/plain text/html 3101_20897 Water vapor (H2O) in the atmosphere as measured by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument on NASA's Aura satellite. MLS can simultaneously measure several trace gases and ozone-destroying chemicals in the upper troposphere and photosphere. In this series of animiations we present chlorine monoxide (ClO), hydrogen chloride (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3), ozone (O3), water vapor (H2O) and temperature measurements. These are 'first light' data taken when the MLS was operated for the first time. Atmospheric science EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Water Vapor:Water Vapor Location:Global CRS:84 -180 180 -89 89 2004-08-13/2004-08-17/P1D,2004-08-20/2004-08-23/P1D,2004-08-25/2004-08-31/P1D,2004-09-02/2004-09-06/P1D,2004-09-10/2004-09-16/P2D,2004-09-17/2004-09-22/P1D,2004-09-24/2004-09-29/P1D,2004-10-01,2004-10-03/2004-10-07/P1D,2004-10-09/2004-10-12/P1D,2004-10-14,2004-10-15 image/png text/plain text/html 3100_20890 Nitric Acid (HNO3) in the atmosphere as measured by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument on NASA's Aura satellite. MLS can simultaneously measure several trace gases and ozone-destroying chemicals in the upper troposphere and photosphere. In this series of animiations we present chlorine monoxide (ClO), hydrogen chloride (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3), ozone (O3), water vapor (H2O) and temperature measurements. These are 'first light' data taken when the MLS was operated for the first time. Nitric acid is created from the nitrogen oxide emitted by automobiles. Atmospheric science EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Chemistry/Nitrogen Compounds:Nitric Acid Location:Global CRS:84 -180 180 -89 89 2004-08-13/2004-08-17/P1D,2004-08-20/2004-08-23/P1D,2004-08-25/2004-08-31/P1D,2004-09-02/2004-09-06/P1D,2004-09-10/2004-09-16/P2D,2004-09-17/2004-09-22/P1D,2004-09-24/2004-09-29/P1D,2004-10-01,2004-10-03/2004-10-07/P1D,2004-10-09/2004-10-12/P1D,2004-10-14,2004-10-15 image/png text/plain text/html 3099_22258 Hydrogen chloride (HCl) in the atmosphere as measured by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument on NASA's Aura satellite. MLS can simultaneously measure several trace gases and ozone-destroying chemicals in the upper troposphere and photosphere. In this series of animiations we present chlorine monoxide (ClO), hydrogen chloride (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3), ozone (O3), water vapor (H2O) and temperature measurements. These are 'first light' data taken when the MLS was operated for the first time. Ozone-destroying chlorine (Cl) atoms are neutralized when they bond with hydrogen (H) to form HCl. Atmospheric science EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Chemistry/Halons and Halogens:Hydrogen Chloride Location:Global CRS:84 -180 180 -89 89 2004-08-13/2004-08-17/P1D,2004-08-20/2004-08-23/P1D,2004-08-25/2004-08-31/P1D,2004-09-02/2004-09-06/P1D,2004-09-10/2004-09-16/P2D,2004-09-17/2004-09-22/P1D,2004-09-24/2004-09-29/P1D,2004-10-01,2004-10-03/2004-10-07/P1D,2004-10-09/2004-10-12/P1D,2004-10-14,2004-10-15 image/png text/plain text/html The polar vortex is an atmospheric regional event that isolates polar air from the air at temperate latitudes, producing conditions favorable for wintertime polar ozone depletion and other chemical perturbations. The location, size, and shape of the polar vortex is derived from potential vorticity (PV) data. Atmosphere Pole EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Winds:Vorticity Location:Antarctica image/png text/plain 3098_20877 The polar vortex is an atmospheric regional event that isolates polar air from the air at temperate latitudes, producing conditions favorable for wintertime polar ozone depletion and other chemical perturbations. The location, size, and shape of the polar vortex is derived from potential vorticity (PV) data. Atmosphere Pole EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Winds:Vorticity Location:Antarctica CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2004-08-13/2004-11-15/P1D text/plain 3098_20877_bg The polar vortex is an atmospheric regional event that isolates polar air from the air at temperate latitudes, producing conditions favorable for wintertime polar ozone depletion and other chemical perturbations. The location, size, and shape of the polar vortex is derived from potential vorticity (PV) data. This image can be composited with the previous animation. Atmosphere Pole EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Winds:Vorticity Location:Antarctica CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 text/plain 3097_20871 The Earth's climate is determined by energy transfer from the sun to the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere. As the Earth rotates, the sun lights up only part of the Earth at a time, and some of that incoming solar energy is reflected and some is absorbed, depending on type of area it lights. The average amount of reflection and absorption is critical to the climate, because the absorbed energy heats up the Earth until it is radiated away as thermal radiation. This animation shows the monthly average outgoing shortwave radiation from July, 2002 through June, 2004 as measured by the CERES instrument. This is the sunlight that is directly reflected back into space by clouds, ice, desert, and other physical areas on the Earth. Although clouds are very reflective, they come and going during the month, so more reflection is seen on average from ice sheets, which change very little during a monthly period. Note that the cloud-free parts of the ocean are relatively dark, indicating that oceans absorb more sunlight than they reflect. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Shortwave Radiation EARTH SCIENCE:Oceans:Ocean Heat Budget:Shortwave Radiation CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2002-07/2004-06/P1M image/png text/plain text/html 3096_20865 The Earth's climate is determined by energy transfer from the sun to the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere. As the Earth rotates, the sun lights up only part of the Earth at a time, and some of that incoming solar energy is reflected and some is absorbed, depending on type of area it lights. The average amount of reflection and absorption is critical to the climate, because the absorbed energy heats up the Earth until it is radiated away as thermal radiation. This animation shows the monthly average clear-sky outgoing shortwave radiation from July, 2002 through June, 2004 as measured by the CERES instrument. This is the sunlight that is directly reflected back into space by ice, desert, and other physical areas on the Earth when the sky is cloud-free. The ice sheets can be clearly seen to reflect the most sunlight, with desert areas next. Oceans absorb the most sunlight, more than the vegetated land areas such as the tropical rain forest and temperate forests and plains. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Shortwave Radiation EARTH SCIENCE:Oceans:Ocean Heat Budget:Shortwave Radiation CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2002-07/2004-06/P1M image/png text/plain text/html 3095_20859 The Earth's climate is determined by energy transfer from the sun to the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere. As the Earth rotates, the sun lights up only part of the Earth at a time, and some of that incoming solar energy is reflected and some is absorbed, depending on type of area it lights. The average amount of reflection and absorption is critical to the climate, because the absorbed energy heats up the Earth until it is radiated away as thermal radiation. This animation shows the monthly average incoming solar radiation from July, 2002 through June, 2004 as measured by the CERES instrument. This average data set is contant in longitude because of the Earth's rotation, but clearly shows the seasonal cycle as the sun heats the Northern Hemisphere more in summer than in winter. Note that the polar regions are abnormally bright in the local summer and dark in the local winter because whole day is either light or dark in those seasons. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Incoming Solar Radiation EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Solar Irradiance EARTH SCIENCE:Sun-earth Interactions:Solar Activity:Solar Irradiance CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2002-07/2004-06/P1M image/png text/plain text/html 3094_20853 The Earth's climate is determined by energy transfer from the sun to the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere. As the Earth rotates, the sun lights up only part of the Earth at a time, and some of that incoming solar energy is reflected and some is absorbed, depending on type of area it lights. The average amount of reflection and absorption is critical to the climate, because the absorbed energy heats up the Earth until it is radiated away as thermal radiation. This animation shows the monthly average net radiant flux from July, 2002 through June, 2004 as measured by the CERES instrument. This is the incoming radiation minus the outgoing reflected or thermal energy given off by areas of the Earth. Regions in red and yellow have a net incoming flux and are being heated. Regions in blue have a net outgoing flux and are being cooled. Regions in black are in rough equilibrium. Cloud-free summertime oceans are heated the most, while high latitude winter regions are cooled the most, probably because of the longer winter nights. Note that regions that reflect a lot of sunlight, such as the polar ice sheets and the Sahara desert are almost always in equilibrium or are cooling regions. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Net Radiation EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Radiative Flux CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2002-07/2004-06/P1M image/png text/plain text/html 3093_20847 The Earth's climate is determined by energy transfer from the sun to the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere. As the Earth rotates, the sun lights up only part of the Earth at a time, and some of that incoming solar energy is reflected and some is absorbed, depending on type of area it lights. The average amount of reflection and absorption is critical to the climate, because the absorbed energy heats up the Earth until it is radiated away as thermal radiation. This animation shows the monthly clear-sky average net radiant flux from July, 2002 through June, 2004 as measured by the CERES instrument. This is the incoming radiation minus the outgoing reflected or thermal energy given off by areas of the Earth when the sky is cloud-free. Regions in red and yellow have a net incoming flux and are being heated. Regions in blue have a net outgoing flux and are being cooled. Regions in black are in rough equilibrium. Summertime oceans are heated the most, while high latitude winter regions are cooled the most, probably because of the longer winter nights. Note that the Earth's ice sheets are almost always regions of cooling. On average, the heating and cooling amounts must balance, or the Earth will change temperature and the climate will change. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Net Radiation EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Radiative Flux CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2002-07/2004-06/P1M image/png text/plain text/html 3092_20841 The Earth's climate is determined by energy transfer from the sun to the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere. As the Earth rotates, the sun lights up only part of the Earth at a time, and some of that incoming solar energy is reflected and some is absorbed, depending on type of area it lights. The average amount of reflection and absorption is critical to the climate, because the absorbed energy heats up the Earth until it is radiated away as thermal radiation. This animation shows the monthly average outgoing longwave radiation from July, 2002 through June, 2004 as measured by the CERES instrument. This is the thermal radiation given off by the warm Earth. The Earth's rotation and the movement of warm air from the equator to the poles make the Earth roughly uniform in temperature. The most visible features are the cold poles in winter and the cold clouds along the equator which trap the outgoing thermal radiation. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Outgoing Longwave Radiation EARTH SCIENCE:Oceans:Ocean Heat Budget:Longwave Radiation CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2002-07/2004-06/P1M image/png text/plain text/html 3091_20835 The Earth's climate is determined by energy transfer from the sun to the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere. As the Earth rotates, the sun lights up only part of the Earth at a time, and some of that incoming solar energy is reflected and some is absorbed, depending on type of area it lights. The average amount of reflection and absorption is critical to the climate, because the absorbed energy heats up the Earth until it is radiated away as thermal radiation. This animation shows the monthly average clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation from July, 2002 through June, 2004 as measured by the CERES instrument. This is the thermal radiation given off by the warm Earth when the sky is cloud free. The Earth's rotation and the movement of warm air from the equator to the poles make the Earth roughly uniformin temperature. The most visible features are the cold poles in winter and the significant regions of snow coverage in the northern hemisphere, also in winter. EARTH SCIENCE:Atmosphere:Atmospheric Radiation:Outgoing Longwave Radiation EARTH SCIENCE:Oceans:Ocean Heat Budget:Longwave Radiation CRS:84 -180 180 -90 90 2002-07/2004-06/P1M image/png text/plain text/html 3090_20829 The Earth's climate is determined by energy transfer from the sun to the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere. As the Earth rotates, the sun lights up only part of the Earth at a time, and some of that incoming solar energy is reflected and some is absorbed, depending on type of area it lights. The