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\r
Before launch, the LRO team adopted the Mean Earth/Polar Axis (Moon ME) coordinate system for all of its data products, and this has become the standard for mapping all lunar data. In this system, the Z axis is the mean (average) rotation axis, and the X axis points in the mean direction of the Earth. Because of libration, both of these directions must be calculated as averages over long time spans. The specific calculation for LRO’s Moon ME coordinate system is embodied in the JPL ephemeris named DE421, released in 2008.\r
\r
Internally, JPL’s ephemeris calculations use a different coordinate system called the Principal Axis (Moon PA) frame. Roughly speaking, the Moon PA system balances the mass along each axis, which simplifies the calculation of the Moon’s slightly wobbly rotations. Moon ME is then defined as a small rotation relative to Moon PA that amounts to a difference of about 875 meters (half a mile) between the two systems.\r
\r
The definition and wide adoption of a standard coordinate system for the Moon is vital for mapping and exploring our nearest neighbor. With such a system, we can confidently pinpoint any feature on the Moon, including the exact location of its South Pole.", "items": [], "extra_data": {} }, { "id": 315212, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4969/#media_group_315212", "widget": "Video player", "title": "", "caption": "", "description": "Visualization of the precise location of the lunar South Pole in the Moon Mean Earth coordinate system. Includes source frames.", "items": [ { "id": 214111, "type": "media", "extra_data": null, "title": null, "caption": null, "instance": { "id": 372837, "url": "https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004900/a004969/southpole.0120_print.jpg", "filename": "southpole.0120_print.jpg", "media_type": "Image", "alt_text": "Visualization of the precise location of the lunar South Pole in the Moon Mean Earth coordinate system. 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